Co-trimoxazole exhibits a synergistic antibacterial effect when compared to each of its components administered singly. This is because trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole inhibit successive steps in the folate synthesis pathway (see diagram below). Sulfamethoxazole acts as a false-substrate inhibitor of dihydropteroate reductase. Sulfonamides such as sulfamethoxazole are analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme; inhibiting the production of dihydropteroic acid. Trimethoprim acts by interfering with the action of bacterial dihydrofolate red ...

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Co-trimoxazole, Co-trimoxazole - Synergistic action, Co-trimoxazole - Clinical indications, Co-trimoxazole - Safety

Read more here: » Co-trimoxazole: Encyclopedia II - Co-trimoxazole - Synergistic action

Hematemesis is treated as a medical emergency. The most vital distinction is whether there is blood loss sufficient to cause shock. Hematemesis - Minimal blood loss. If this is not the case, the patient is generally administered a proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole), given blood transfusions (if the level of hemoglobin is extremely low, that is less than 8.0 mg/dL or 4.5-5.0 mmol/L), and kept nil per os until esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, endoscopy) can be arranged. Adequate venous access (large-bore cannulas or a central venous catheter) is generally obtained in case the patient suf ...

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Hematemesis, Hematemesis - Causes, Hematemesis - Management, Hematemesis - Minimal blood loss, Hematemesis - Significant blood loss

Read more here: » Hematemesis: Encyclopedia II - Hematemesis - Management

The test is often false-positive (i.e. there is no source of bleeding). This is often due to recent ingestion of under-cooked meats, and a patient is generally advised to keep a meat-free diet for several days before handing in the feces sample. False negatives may result if the patient has been taking vitamin C supplements. The test is more sensitive if the sample is hydrated before testing. However, the specificity is decreased in this method. Newer, more sophisticated assays called Fecal Immunochemical Tests have been developed to address most of the deficiencies ...

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Fecal occult blood, Fecal occult blood - Uses, Fecal occult blood - Methodology, Fecal occult blood - Interpretation, Fecal occult blood - Results, Fecal occult blood - Sources

Read more here: » Fecal occult blood: Encyclopedia II - Fecal occult blood - Interpretation

In the event that a horse colics, and is rolling violently, be very cautious for your own safety. A violently colicky horse will have no regard for anyone. If the horse is rolling it is often best to walk the horse as this is a good distraction from the pain and because walking often serves to help resolve gassy, spasmodic or impacted colic. If you cannot stop the horse rolling then put the horse in a place where it is least likely to injure itself. It is now recognised as a myth that rolling may cause a displacement in the horse's gut, it i ...

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Horse colic, Horse colic - Types of Colic, Horse colic - Obstruction colic, Horse colic - Spasmodic colic, Horse colic - Colic caused by parasites, Horse colic - Displacement colic, Horse colic - Abdominal pain with other causes, Horse colic - Recognizing the symptoms of Colic, Horse colic - A list of symptoms generally associated with colic, Horse colic - Simple management steps that can help prevent colic, Horse colic - What to do if a horse colics, Horse colic - Suggested Reading

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All persons suspected of Lassa fever infection should be admitted to isolation facilities and their body fluids and excreta properly disposed of. Early and aggressive treatment using ribavirin was pioneered by Joe McCormick in 1979. After extensive testing, it was determined that early administration is critical to success. Additionally, ribavirin is almost twice as effective when given intravenously as when taken by mouth. The drug interferes with the virus metabolism, inhibiting its replication. The drug is relatively inexpensive, b ...

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Lassa fever, Lassa fever - The virus and epidemiology, Lassa fever - The disease, Lassa fever - Virus Replication, Lassa fever - Lab tests, Lassa fever - Prevention, Lassa fever - Treatment, Lassa fever - Prognosis, Lassa fever - Lassa fever virus as a biological weapon

Read more here: » Lassa fever: Encyclopedia II - Lassa fever - Treatment

L. acidophilus is considered a probiotic or "friendly" bacterium. These types of healthy bacteria inhabit the intestines and vagina and protect against some unhealthy organisms. The breakdown of food by L. acidophilus produces lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and other byproducts that make the environment hostile for undesired organisms. L. acidophilus also tends to consume the nutrients many other microorganisms depend on, thus outcompeting possibly harmful bacteria in the digestive tract. During digestion, L. acidoph ...

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Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus - Health benefits, Lactobacillus acidophilus - Food production

Read more here: » Lactobacillus acidophilus: Encyclopedia II - Lactobacillus acidophilus - Health benefits

For symptomatic relief of carcinoid sydrome: Octreotide (somatostatin analogue- neutralizes serotonin and decreases urinary 5-HIAA) Methysergide maleate (antiserotonin agent but not used because of serious side effect of retroperitoneal fibrosis) Cyproheptadine (antihistamine) Alternative treatment for qualifying candidates: Surgical resection of tumo ...

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Carcinoid syndrome, Carcinoid syndrome - Pathophysiology, Carcinoid syndrome - Diagnosis, Carcinoid syndrome - Treatment, Carcinoid syndrome - Prognosis, Carcinoid syndrome - Synonyms

Read more here: » Carcinoid syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Carcinoid syndrome - Treatment

In the small intestine, proteins are changed into amino acids; fats are changed into fatty acids; and carbohydrates are changed into sugars. The small intestine is also where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. (From Encyclopædia Britannica School Edition) The largest amount of water from the chylus (the substance that comes from the stomach) is absorbed in the small intestine ...

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Small intestine, Small intestine - Functions, Small intestine - Small Intestine Disorders

Read more here: » Small intestine: Encyclopedia II - Small intestine - Functions

Approximately 98% of people afflicted with Meckel's diverticulum are asymptomatic. If symptoms do occur, they typically appear before the age of two. The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception. Occasionally, Meckel's diverticulitis may present with all the features of acute appendicitis. ...

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Meckel's diverticulum, Meckel's diverticulum - Symptoms, Meckel's diverticulum - Diagnosis, Meckel's diverticulum - Treatment

Read more here: » Meckel's diverticulum: Encyclopedia II - Meckel's diverticulum - Symptoms

Monoamine oxidases catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamines. Oxygen is used to remove an amine group from a molecule, resulting in the corresponding aldehyde and ammonia. The general form of the catalized reaction (with R denoting an arbitrary group) is H H R-C-NH2 + O2 + H2O → R-C=O + NH3 + H2O2 H Monoamine oxida ...

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Monoamine oxidase, Monoamine oxidase - Function, Monoamine oxidase - Subtype Specificities, Monoamine oxidase - Genetics, Monoamine oxidase - Disorders resulting from MAO dysfunction, Monoamine oxidase - Reference, Monoamine oxidase - External resources

Read more here: » Monoamine oxidase: Encyclopedia II - Monoamine oxidase - Function

131100 Type 1 is also known as Wermer's syndrome after Dr Paul Wermer, who described it in 1954: Parathyroid hyperplasia/tumour causing hyperparathyroidism. Islet cell tumours causing hypoglycaemia (insulinoma) and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma). Pituitary adenoma which may cause pituitary hormone excess. The causative mutation is in the menin gene which encodes a nuclear protein, that is believed to act as a tumor suppressor. Most cases of multiple endocrine neopl ...

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN type 1, Multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN type 2, Multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN type 2A, Multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN type 2B

Read more here: » Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Encyclopedia II - Multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN type 1

Globally, diarrhoea caused 4.6 million deaths in children in 1980 alone, most of these in the developing world. This number has now come down significantly to approximately 1.5 million deaths annually, largely due to global introduction of proper oral rehydration therapy (Victora et al 2000). The incidence in the developed countries is as high as 1-2.5 cases per child per year and a major cause of hospitalisation in this age group. ...

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Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis - Aetiology, Gastroenteritis - Viral causes, Gastroenteritis - Bacterial causes, Gastroenteritis - Parasites, Gastroenteritis - Epidemiology, Gastroenteritis - Clinical features, Gastroenteritis - Differential diagnosis, Gastroenteritis - Treatment, Gastroenteritis - Drug therapy, Gastroenteritis - Complications

Read more here: » Gastroenteritis: Encyclopedia II - Gastroenteritis - Epidemiology

The main symptoms include poor feeding in infants, vomiting and fever, usually rapidly followed by diarrhoea. Viral diarrhoea usually causes frequent watery stools, whereas blood stained diarrhoea may be indicative of bacterial colitis. The child with gastroenteritis may be lethargic and have signs of dehydration, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, reduced skin turgor, sunken fontanelles and s ...

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Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis - Aetiology, Gastroenteritis - Viral causes, Gastroenteritis - Bacterial causes, Gastroenteritis - Parasites, Gastroenteritis - Epidemiology, Gastroenteritis - Clinical features, Gastroenteritis - Differential diagnosis, Gastroenteritis - Treatment, Gastroenteritis - Drug therapy, Gastroenteritis - Complications

Read more here: » Gastroenteritis: Encyclopedia II - Gastroenteritis - Clinical features

There are three methods for measuring heme in feces: Guaiac-based test (Hemoccult® or Instaccult®) Fecal porphyrin quantification (Hemoquant®) - high false positive rate. Immunochemical fecal occult blood tests (HemeSelect®) - more specific. One method: the test involves smearing some feces onto some absorbent paper that has been treated with a chemical. Hydrogen peroxide is dropped onto the paper; if trace amounts of blood are present, the paper will change colour. This method works as hemoglobin has a peroxidase-lik ...

See also:

Fecal occult blood, Fecal occult blood - Uses, Fecal occult blood - Methodology, Fecal occult blood - Interpretation, Fecal occult blood - Results, Fecal occult blood - Sources

Read more here: » Fecal occult blood: Encyclopedia II - Fecal occult blood - Methodology

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