The numerous urban legends about Coca-Cola have led the Urban Legends Reference Pages to devote a whole section of their site to "Cokelore". One false legend claims that Coke was once green, or was accidentally carbonated when a clerk squirted syrup into the wrong glass. Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decrying the drink for its supposedly copious amounts of acid (its pH value of 2.5 is midway between vinegar and gastric acid), or the "life-threatening" effects of its carbonated water. These urban legends usuall ...

See also:

Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola - History, Coca-Cola - Early years, Coca-Cola - World War II, Coca-Cola - New Coke to the present, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola formula, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola design, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola's advertising, Coca-Cola - Recent history, Coca-Cola - Sport event sponsorships, Coca-Cola - Criticisms, Coca-Cola - Business practices, Coca-Cola - International appeal, Coca-Cola - Notes, Coca-Cola - Types of Coke, Coca-Cola - Brands owned by Coca-Cola

Read more here: » Coca-Cola: Encyclopedia II - Coca-Cola - Criticisms

Hydrochloric acid - Physiology. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. ...

See also:

Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety

Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms

Several strains are known, and the genomes of two have been completely sequenced[11]. The genome of the strain "26695" consists of about 1.7 million base pairs, with some 1550 genes. The two sequenced strains show large genetic differences, with up to 6% of the nucleotides differing. Study of the H. pylori genome is centered on attempts to understand pathogenesis, the ability of this organism to cause disease. There are 62 genes in the " ...

See also:

Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori - History, Helicobacter pylori - Structure of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori - Infection and diagnosis, Helicobacter pylori - Treatment, Helicobacter pylori - Gastric cancer connection, Helicobacter pylori - Acid reflux and esophageal cancer, Helicobacter pylori - Genome studies of different strains

Read more here: » Helicobacter pylori: Encyclopedia II - Helicobacter pylori - Genome studies of different strains

When breathed in, lead tetroxide irritates lungs. In case of high dose, the victim feels metallic taste in mouth, chest pain, and abdominal pain. When ingested, it gets dissolved in the gastric acid and gets absorbed, leading to lead poisoning. High concentrations can be absorbed through skin as well; therefore it is important to keep the safety precautions when working with lead-based paint. Long-term contact with lead tetroxide may lead to accumulation of lead compounds in organism, with development of symptoms of acute lead poisoning. Chronic poisoning displays as agitation, irritability, vision disorders, hype ...

See also:

Red lead, Red lead - Preparation, Red lead - Chemical properties, Red lead - Use, Red lead - Physiological effects, Red lead - Ecological issues, Red lead - Historic note

Read more here: » Red lead: Encyclopedia II - Red lead - Physiological effects

Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decrying the drink for its supposedly copious amounts of acid (its pH value of 2.5 is midway between vinegar and gastric acid), or the "life-threatening" effects of its carbonated water. These urban legends usually take the form of "fun facts" — for example, "highway troopers use Coke to clean blood from highways after accidents", "somebody once died in a Coke-drinking competition," or "Coke can dissolve a tooth overnight". All of these claims are false. (While Highway Troopers do not ...

See also:

Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola - History, Coca-Cola - Early years, Coca-Cola - World War II, Coca-Cola - New Coke to the present, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola formula, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola's advertising, Coca-Cola - Sport event sponsorships, Coca-Cola - Criticisms, Coca-Cola - Business practices, Coca-Cola - International appeal, Coca-Cola - As a political and corporate symbol, Coca-Cola - Notes, Coca-Cola - Types of Coke

Read more here: » Coca-Cola: Encyclopedia II - Coca-Cola - Criticisms

The numerous urban legends about Coca-Cola have led the Urban Legends Reference Pages to devote a whole section of their site to "Cokelore". One false legend claims that Coke was once green, or was accidentally carbonated when a clerk squirted syrup into the wrong glass. Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decrying the drink for its supposedly copious amounts of acid (its pH value of 2.5 is midway between vinegar and gastric acid), or the "life-threatening" effects of its carbonated water. These urban legends usuall ...

See also:

Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola - History, Coca-Cola - Early years, Coca-Cola - World War II, Coca-Cola - New Coke to the present, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola formula, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola design, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola's advertising, Coca-Cola - Recent History, Coca-Cola - Sport event sponsorships, Coca-Cola - Criticisms, Coca-Cola - Business practices, Coca-Cola - International appeal, Coca-Cola - Notes, Coca-Cola - Types of Coke, Coca-Cola - Brands owned by Coca-Cola

Read more here: » Coca-Cola: Encyclopedia II - Coca-Cola - Criticisms

The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

See also:

Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Signs and Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Therapy, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology

The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

See also:

Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Treatment, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology

Gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma (lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) have been associated with H. pylori, and the bacterium has been categorized as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). While the association is reasonably strong, it is not entirely clear that there is a causal relationship involved. Two related mechanisms by which H. pylori could promote cancer are under investigation. One mechanism involves the enhanced production of free radicals near See also:

Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori - History, Helicobacter pylori - Structure of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori - Infection and diagnosis, Helicobacter pylori - Treatment, Helicobacter pylori - Gastric cancer connection, Helicobacter pylori - Acid reflux and esophageal cancer, Helicobacter pylori - Genome studies of different strains

Read more here: » Helicobacter pylori: Encyclopedia II - Helicobacter pylori - Gastric cancer connection

Glycopyrrolate decreases acid secretion in the stomach by blocking certain substances' activities in the body. Hence it is usually used for treating ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, in combination with other medications. In anesthesia, glycopyrrolate injection is a preoperative antimuscarinic operation that reduces salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions, as well as decreases the acidity of gastric secretions blocks cardi ...

See also:

Glycopyrrolate, Glycopyrrolate - Medical uses, Glycopyrrolate - Side effects

Read more here: » Glycopyrrolate: Encyclopedia II - Glycopyrrolate - Medical uses

Having GERD indicates incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Increased acidity or production of gastric acid can contribute to the problem, as can obesity, tight-fitting clothes and pregnancy. It is also thought that yeast infections of the digestive tract can cause GERD-like symptoms. Another paradoxical cause of GERD-like symptoms is not enough stomach acid (hypochlorhydria). The valve that empties the stomach into the intestines is triggered by acidity. If there is not enough acid, this valve does not open and the stomach contents is churned up into the esophagus. ...

See also:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology

Diagnosis is via a careful history and physical examination. Palpation of the abdomen during a test feed may reveal a mass in the epigastrium consisting of the enlarged pylorus (pyloric tumour) with palpable peristaltic waves consisting of the stomach trying to force its contents past the narrowed pylorus. Blood tests will reveal hypochloremic alkalosis secondary to loss of acidic gastric secretions due to persistent vomiting. A pediatric surgeon would typically be able to palpate a pyloric tumour in about 80% of cases. Such a ...

See also:

Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Treatment, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when recommending non-pharmaceutical treatments for GERD. Certain foods and lifestyle tend to promote gastroesophageal reflux: Coffee, alcohol, calcium supplements, and excessive amounts of Vitamin C supplements are stimulants of gastric acid secretion, so avoiding these helps. Calcium containing antacids such as TUMS (Calcium carbonate) are in this group[2] ...

See also:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when recommending non-pharmaceutical treatments for GERD. Certain foods and lifestyle tend to promote gastroesophageal reflux: Coffee, alcohol, calcium supplements, and excessive amounts of Vitamin C supplements are stimulants of gastric acid secretion. Taking these before bedtime especially can promote evening reflux. Calcium containing antacids such as TUMS (Calcium ...

See also:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment

The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a broad sense, almost every organ has a protective function - for example, the tight seal of the skin or the acidic environment of the stomach.) When the immune system is functioning properly, it protects the body against bacteria and viral infections, destroying cancer cells and foreign substances. If the immune system weakens, its ability to defend the body also weakens, allowing pathogens, includin ...

Including:

Immune system - Structure
Immune system - Adaptive immune system Immune system - Intersections between systems
Immune system - Disorders of the human immune system Immune system - Other factors that affect immune response Immune system - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Immune system: Encyclopedia - Immune system

Coca-Cola (also known as Coke, a name which was trademarked by The Coca-Cola Company after it was discovered many people called it by that particular name) is a very popular cola, a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines everywhere in the world. It is produced by the Coca-Cola Company (NYSE:KO), which is also often referred to as simply Coca-Cola or Coke. Coke is one of the world's most recognizable and widely s ...

Including:

Coca-Cola - History
Coca-Cola - World War II Coca-Cola - New Coke to the present
Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola formula Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola's advertising
Coca-Cola - Sport event sponsorships
Coca-Cola - Criticisms
Coca-Cola - Business practices
Coca-Cola - International appeal
Coca-Cola - As a political and corporate symbol
Coca-Cola - Notes
Coca-Cola - Types of Coke

Read more here: » Coca-Cola: Encyclopedia - Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola - Early years. Coca-Cola was invented in Columbus, Georgia, by John S. Pemberton in 1884, originally as a cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca. He was inspired by the formidable success of European Angelo Mariani's cocawine, Vin Mariani. In 1885, after Coca-Cola moved, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a carbonated, non-alcoholic version of French Wine Cola. The beverage was named Coca-Cola because origi ...

See also:

Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola - History, Coca-Cola - Early years, Coca-Cola - World War II, Coca-Cola - New Coke to the present, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola formula, Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola's advertising, Coca-Cola - Sport event sponsorships, Coca-Cola - Criticisms, Coca-Cola - Business practices, Coca-Cola - International appeal, Coca-Cola - As a political and corporate symbol, Coca-Cola - Notes, Coca-Cola - Types of Coke

Read more here: » Coca-Cola: Encyclopedia II - Coca-Cola - History

Caffeine, or theine, is a xanthine alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate, guarana berries, and in small quantities in cocoa, the kola nut and the Yaupon holly. In plants, caffeine acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills many insects feeding upon them. Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, having the effect of warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine-containing beverages, such as coffee and tea, enjoy great popularity, making caffeine the ...

Including:

Caffeine - Sources of caffeine
Caffeine - Caffeine equivalents
Caffeine - History of caffeine use Caffeine - Effects of caffeine
Caffeine - Caffeine metabolism Caffeine - Mechanism of Action Caffeine - Side effects of caffeine Caffeine - Withdrawal
Caffeine - The dangers of caffeine pills Caffeine - Extraction of pure caffeine

Read more here: » Caffeine: Encyclopedia - Caffeine

Clostridium difficile (pronunciation ▶ (help·info)) (also referred to as C. diff or C-diff) is a species of bacteria of the genus Clostridium which are gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming rods. They cause pseudomembranous colitis, a severe infection of the colon, often after normal gut flora is eradicated by the use of antibiotics. Treatment is by stopping any antibiotics and commencing specific anticlostridial antibiotics, e.g. ...

Including:

Clostridium difficile - Bacteriology
Clostridium difficile - Characteristics Clostridium difficile - Toxins
Clostridium difficile - Role in disease Clostridium difficile - Diagnosis and treatment Clostridium difficile - Pharmacotherapy
Clostridium difficile - Recurrence
Clostridium difficile - Notable outbreaks Clostridium difficile - Cracking of the genetic code of the Quebec strain Clostridium difficile - External link

Read more here: » Clostridium difficile: Encyclopedia - Clostridium difficile

Coca-Cola (also known as Coke, a name which was trademarked by The Coca-Cola Company after it was discovered many people called it by that particular name) is a very popular cola, a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines everywhere in the world. It is produced by the Coca-Cola Company (NYSE:KO), which is also often referred to as simply Coca-Cola or Coke. Coke is one of the world's most recognizable and widely s ...

Including:

Coca-Cola - History
Coca-Cola - Early years Coca-Cola - World War II Coca-Cola - New Coke to the present
Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola formula Coca-Cola - Coca-Cola's advertising
Coca-Cola - Sport event sponsorships
Coca-Cola - Criticisms
Coca-Cola - Business practices
Coca-Cola - International appeal
Coca-Cola - As a political and corporate symbol
Coca-Cola - Notes
Coca-Cola - Types of Coke

Read more here: » Coca-Cola: Encyclopedia - Coca-Cola

The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a broad sense, almost every organ has a protective function - for example, the tight seal of the skin or the acidic environment of the stomach.) When the immune system is functioning properly, it protects the body against bacteria and viral infections, destroying cancer cells and foreign substances. If the immune system weakens, its ability to defend the body also weakens, allowing pathogens, includin ...

Including:

Immune system - Structure
Immune system - Innate immune system Immune system - Adaptive immune system Immune system - Intersections between systems
Immune system - Disorders of the human immune system Immune system - Other factors that affect immune response Immune system - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Immune system: Encyclopedia - Immune system