Encyclopedia - Gastric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastric Acid - Physiology
Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and energetically exp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastric Acid - Role In Disease
In hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria, the parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid in the stomach, potenti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach - Anatomy Of The Human Stomach
The stomach lies between the esophagus and the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). It is on the left side of the abdominal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Treatment
In patients who are asymptomatic, treatment is not usually recommended. In gastric ulcer patients where H. pylori is detected, normal pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Gastric Cancer Connection
Gastric cancer (rare) and gastric MALT lymphoma (lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) have been associated with H. pylori, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach: Encyclopedia - Stomach
In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ in the alimentary canal used to digest food. Generally, the stoma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - History
In 1875, German scientists found spiral bacteria in the lining of the human stomach; the bacteria could not be grown in culture and the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antacid: Encyclopedia - Antacid
An antacid is any substance, generally a base, that counteracts stomach acidity. It is taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, sour stomach,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytoprotectant: Encyclopedia - Cytoprotectant
A cytoprotectant is any medication that combats ulcers not by reducing gastric acid but by increasing mucosal protection. Drugs that work...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chief Cell: Encyclopedia - Chief Cell
In general, a chief cell (or a "zymogenic cell") is a cell which releases a precursor enzyme. There are two types of chief cells which ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: Encyclopedia - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. Its role in the intestine is to greatly stimulate secretion of water and elec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Structure Of The Bacterium
H. pylori is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium, about 3 micrometres long with a diameter of about 0.5 micrometre. It has 4-6 flagel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aspiration Pneumonia: Encyclopedia - Aspiration Pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia is a specific form of lung infection (pneumonia) that develops when oral or gastric contents (including food, saliva...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Infection And Diagnosis
Infection may be symptomatic or asymptomatic (without visible ill effects). It is estimated that up to 70% of infection is asymptomatic. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Genome Studies Of Different Strains
Several strains are known, and the genomes of two have been completely sequenced[11]. The genome consists of 26695 strain has about 1.7 m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach - Histology Of The Human Stomach
Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach walls are made of a number of layers. Starting inside the (the lumen) go...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach - Control Of Secretion And Motility
The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by various digestive syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proton Pump Inhibitor: Encyclopedia Ii - Proton Pump Inhibitor - Mechanism Of Action
Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the K+/H+-ATPase, or m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parietal Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Parietal Cell - Acid Production
Parietal cells produce gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) in response to histamine (via H2 receptors), acetylcholine (M3 receptors) and gas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nissen Fundoplication: Encyclopedia Ii - Nissen Fundoplication - The Procedure
In fundoplication, the fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped around (-plication) the inferior part of the esophagus, preventing t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - Criticisms
The numerous urban legends about Coca-Cola have led the Urban Legends Reference Pages to devote a whole section of their site to "Cokelo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Hydrochloric Acid And Living Organisms
Hydrochloric acid - Physiology. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Genome Studies Of Different Strains
Several strains are known, and the genomes of two have been completely sequenced[11]. The genome of the strain "26695" consists of about ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Lead: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Lead - Physiological Effects
When breathed in, lead tetroxide irritates lungs. In case of high dose, the victim feels metallic taste in mouth, chest pain, and abdomin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - Criticisms
Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decrying the drink for its supposedly copious amounts of acid (its pH value of 2.5 is mid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - Criticisms
The numerous urban legends about Coca-Cola have led the Urban Legends Reference Pages to devote a whole section of their site to "Cokelo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Gastric Cancer Connection
Gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma (lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) have been associated with H. pylori, and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycopyrrolate: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycopyrrolate - Medical Uses
Glycopyrrolate decreases acid secretion in the stomach by blocking certain substances' activities in the body. Hence it is usually used f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Pathophysiology
Having GERD indicates incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Increased acidity or production of gastric acid can contribute to t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pyloric Stenosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pyloric Stenosis - Diagnosis
Diagnosis is via a careful history and physical examination. Palpation of the abdomen during a test feed may reveal a mass in the epigast...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Treatment
Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Treatment
Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia - Immune System
The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia - Coca-cola
Coca-Cola (also known as Coke, a name which was trademarked by The Coca-Cola Company after it was discovered many people called it by tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - History
Coca-Cola - Early years. Coca-Cola was invented in Columbus, Georgia, by John S. Pemberton in 1884, originally as a cocawine called Pem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia - Caffeine
Caffeine, or theine, is a xanthine alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate, guarana berries, and in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile
Clostridium difficile (pronunciation ▶ (help·info)) (also referred to as C. diff or C-diff) is a species of bacteria of the genus Clos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia - Coca-cola
Coca-Cola (also known as Coke, a name which was trademarked by The Coca-Cola Company after it was discovered many people called it by tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia - Immune System
The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia - Caffeine
Caffeine, or theine, is a xanthine alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate, guarana berries, and in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia - Antihistamine
An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach - Anatomy Of The Human Stomach
Image:Stomach2.gif The stomach lies between the esophagus and the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). It is on the left sid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Absinth Wormwood: Encyclopedia - Absinth Wormwood
Absinth Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is a medicinal plant and a type of wormwood, so named because it was traditionally used to cure ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Agni: Ayurveda Ayurvedic Dictionary On Agni
Agni Being the biological fire that governs metabolism, agni encompasses all the changes in the body and mind from the dense to the mo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Herbal Therapy: Alternative Medicine Dictionary On Herbal Therapy, Botanical Therapy, Herbalism
Herbal therapy or botanical therapy or herbalism: employs parts of plants (seed, stem, flowers, root, bark, leaf) for the relief of co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Mechanism Of Action
The exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, but it is thought that the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory/a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peptic Ulcer: Encyclopedia Ii - Peptic Ulcer - Pathophysiology
Classical causes of ulcers (tobacco smoking, blood groups, spices and a large array of strange things) are of relatively minor importance...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastrin: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastrin - Physiology
Gastrin - Genetics. The GAS gene is located on the long arm of the seventh chromosome (17q21). Gastrin - Synthesis and release. Gastr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - History
Hydrochloric acid was first discovered around the year 800 by Arab-Yemeni alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), by mixing common salt with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Histamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Histamine - Histamine Disorder Effects
Histapenia (deficiency of histamine) and histadelia (abundance of histamine) can cause both neurological and physical disorders. Histapen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heartburn: Encyclopedia Ii - Heartburn - Diagnosis
Physicians typically diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) based on symptoms alone. When the clinical presentation is unclear, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Bacteriology
Clostridium difficile - Characteristics. Clostridia are motile bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature and are especially prevalent in s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Lead: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Lead - Preparation
Lead tetroxide is prepared by calcination of lead(II) oxide in air at about 450 to 480 °C: 6 PbO + O2 → 2 Pb3O4 The resulting materi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Antihistamine - First-generation H1-receptor Antagonists
These are the oldest antihistaminergic drugs and are relatively inexpensive and widely available. They are effective in the relief of all...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - History
Coca-Cola - Early years. Coca-Cola was invented in Columbus, Georgia, by John S. Pemberton in 1884, originally as a cocawine called Pem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Absinth Wormwood: Encyclopedia Ii - Absinth Wormwood - Description
A hardy, herbaceous perennial, it can grow to 4 feet tall (1 meter). It is covered in silky silvery-white hairs and many oil-producing gl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Structure
Most multicellular organisms possess an "innate immune system", generally comprising a set of germ-line encoded receptors to pathogens, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Caffeine - Effects Of Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, and is used both recreationally and medically to restore mental alertness when unusual we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - International Appeal
Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries. Nevertheless, there are some places like Scotland, where the locally produced...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Pharmacology
Despite high hopes, there are no medications that directly increases the activity of the immune system. Various forms of medication that ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proton Pump Inhibitor: Encyclopedia Ii - Proton Pump Inhibitor - Pharmacokinetics
The absorption of PPIs is decreased up to 50% by food, so they should always be taken on an empty stomach. However, for them to work the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Safety
Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, pote...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Hydrochloric Acid And Living Organisms
Hydrochloric acid - Physiology. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Applications
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - International Appeal
Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries. Nevertheless, there are some places like New York state in the United States ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - Coca-cola Design
The famous Coca-Cola logotype is said to have largely been created by John Pemberton's business partner, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peptic Ulcer: Encyclopedia Ii - Peptic Ulcer - Signs And Symptoms
Symptoms of a peptic ulcer can be: Abdominal pain; Hematemesis (vomiting blood); Melena (tarry feces due to oxidised iron from hemoglobi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis. The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peptic Ulcer: Encyclopedia Ii - Peptic Ulcer - Treatment
Younger patients with ulcer-like symptoms are often treated with antacids or H2 antagonists before EGD is undertaken. Bismuth compounds m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peptic Ulcer: Encyclopedia Ii - Peptic Ulcer - Epidemiology
In Western countries the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections roughly matches age (i.e., 20% at age 20, 30% at age 30, 80% at age...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Lead: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Lead - Chemical Properties
With iron oxides and with elementary iron, lead tetroxide forms insoluble iron(II) and iron(III) plumbates, which is the basis of the ant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peptic Ulcer: Encyclopedia Ii - Peptic Ulcer - Diagnosis
In patients in whom peptic ulcer is suspected, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, a form of endoscopy) is indicated. By direct visual ident...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Caffeine - Sources Of Caffeine
Caffeine is a plant alkaloid, found in numerous plant varieties. The most commonly used of which are coffee, tea, and to some extent coco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - Coca-cola's Advertising
Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impact on American culture, and is frequently credited with the "invention" of the modern i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Antihistamine - Third-generation H1-receptor Antagonists
These are the active enantiomer (levocetirizine, desloratadine) or metabolite (fexofenadine) derivatives of second-generation drugs inten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Caffeine - Sources Of Caffeine
Caffeine is a plant alkaloid, found in numerous plant varieties. The most commonly used of which are coffee, tea, and to some extent coco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Caffeine - History Of Caffeine Use
Although tea has been consumed in China for thousands of years, the first documented use of caffeine in a beverage for its pharmacologica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caffeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Caffeine - The Dangers Of Caffeine Pills
Caffeine pills are often used by college students and shift workers as a convenient way to fight sleep, and are often considered harmless...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Role In Disease
With the introduction of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the latter half of the twentieth century, antibiotic-associated diarrhea became mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Antihistamine - Other Agents
Antihistamine - Inhibitors of histamine release. These agents appear to stabilise the mast cells to prevent degranulation and mediator ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Antihistamine - Second-generation H1-receptor Antagonists
These are newer drugs that are much more selective for peripheral H1 receptors in preference to the central nervous system histaminergic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Disorders Of The Human Immune System
The most important function of the human immune system occurs at the cellular level of the blood and tissues. The lymphatic and blood cir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Pharmacology
Despite high hopes, there are no medications that directly increase the activity of the immune system. Various forms of medication that a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Antihistamine - Pharmacology
In allergic reactions an allergen (a type of antigen) interacts with and cross-links surface IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antihistamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Antihistamine - Clinical Use Of Antihistamines
Antihistamine - Indications. H1-antihistamines are clinically used in the treatment of histamine-mediated allergic conditions. Specific...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrochloric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrochloric Acid - Chemistry
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Diagnosis And Treatment
There has been debate about the emergence of a resistant strain: certain strains that express only the Toxin B are now present in many ho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Animal Toxicity And Human Overdose
The oral LD50 of diclofenac sodium is 55-240, 500, and 3200 mg/kg in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively. In humans the acute fatal dos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heartburn: Encyclopedia Ii - Heartburn - Treatment
Heartburn - Prevention. If heartburn occurs when lying down, raising the head with pillows or sitting up frequently provides relief –...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Histamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Histamine - Storage And Release
Most tissue histamine is found in granules in mast cells or basophils. Mast cells are especially numerous at sites of potential injury - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Histamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Histamine - Sleep Regulation
Histamine is released as a neurotransmitter. The cell bodies of neurons which release histamine are found in the posterior hypothalamus, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Pharmacotherapy
Two antibiotics are effective against C. difficile. Metronidazole 250 mg orally four times daily is the drug of choice, because of superi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Off Label/investigational Uses
Diclofenac is often used to treat chronic pain associated with cancer, particular if inflammation is also present (Step I of the World He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Notable Outbreaks
On June 4, 2004, two outbreaks of a highly virulent strain of this bacterium were reported in Montreal, Quebec and Calgary, Alberta, in C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Common Uses
Diclofenac is used for musculoskeletal complaints, especially arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondylarthritis, ankylosi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Cracking Of The Genetic Code Of The Quebec Strain
On December 14, 2005, researchers at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, led by Dr. Ken Dewar and Dr. Andre Dascal and in collaboratio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coca-cola: Encyclopedia Ii - Coca-cola - Coca-cola's Advertising
Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impact on American culture, and is frequently credited with the "invention" of the modern i...   » Read the article

Article - Oceanography Sitemap I - A-z
This is a sitemap for Oceanography - A-Z . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. Th...   » Read the article