See Also: Sarvodaya Gandhi was assassinated in 1948 , but his teachings and philosophy would play a major role in India's economic and social development and foreign relations for decades to come. Sarvodaya is a term meaning 'universal uplift' or 'progress of all'. It was coined by the Gandhian leader Vinoba Bhave to refer to the struggle of post-independence Gandhians to ensure that self-determination and equality reached the masses and the downtrodden. Sarvodaya workers associated with Vinoba, Jaya Prakash Naray ...

See also:

Gandhism, Gandhism - Satyagraha: Definition and Direction of Gandhism, Gandhism - Brahmacharya and Ahimsa, Gandhism - Fasting, Gandhism - Religion, Gandhism - In Nehru's India, Gandhism - Inspiring Struggle for Freedom, Gandhism - Criticism Controversy and the Cult, Gandhism - Without Truth Nothing, Gandhism - Who Can Be A Gandhian?

Read more here: » Gandhism: Encyclopedia II - Gandhism - In Nehru's India

See also:

Gandhism, Gandhism - Satyagraha: Definition and Direction of Gandhism, Gandhism - Brahmacharya and Ahimsa, Gandhism - Fasting, Gandhism - Religion, Gandhism - In Nehru's India, Gandhism - Inspiring Struggle for Freedom, Gandhism - Criticism Controversy and the Cult, Gandhism - Without Truth Nothing, Gandhism - Who Can Be A Gandhian?

Read more here: » Gandhism: Encyclopedia II - Gandhism - Inspiring Struggle for Freedom

See Also: Partition of India, Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi In post-Gandhi India, adhering to Gandhi's views and teachings became a necessary correctness, thanks primarily to Congress politicians who sought to exploit his independence-era leadership for votes: that only Gandhi's party could be trusted with the nation's affairs, and that Nehru was the successor of Gandhi, anointed by Gandhi himself. The Nehru a ...

See also:

Gandhism, Gandhism - Satyagraha: Definition and Direction of Gandhism, Gandhism - Brahmacharya and Ahimsa, Gandhism - Fasting, Gandhism - Religion, Gandhism - In Nehru's India, Gandhism - Inspiring Struggle for Freedom, Gandhism - Criticism Controversy and the Cult, Gandhism - Without Truth Nothing, Gandhism - Who Can Be A Gandhian?

Read more here: » Gandhism: Encyclopedia II - Gandhism - Criticism Controversy and the Cult

See Also: Satyagraha Gandhi himself famously stated that "I have nothing new to teach the World. Truth and Non-violence are as old as the hills." Certainly no element of Gandhism is entirely Gandhi's original thinking. Gandhi developed his vision, thought and way of life by his constant experimenting with truth, by making painful errors during his childhood and adolescence, but by having the strength to repent and correct. All 78 years of Gandhi's life, from his childhood and adolescent errors and indulgences, his penances for them, to ...

See also:

Gandhism, Gandhism - Satyagraha: Definition and Direction of Gandhism, Gandhism - Brahmacharya and Ahimsa, Gandhism - Fasting, Gandhism - Religion, Gandhism - In Nehru's India, Gandhism - Inspiring Struggle for Freedom, Gandhism - Criticism Controversy and the Cult, Gandhism - Without Truth Nothing, Gandhism - Who Can Be A Gandhian?

Read more here: » Gandhism: Encyclopedia II - Gandhism - Satyagraha: Definition and Direction of Gandhism

Chauri Chaura is a town near Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, where, in February 1922, an occupied police chowki (small hut) was set fire by a nationalist mob, killing 22 of the police occupants. Chauri Chaura - Background. In early 1922, India was amidst a nationwide revolt now recognized as the Non-Cooperation Movement, which protested authoritarian laws like the Rowlatt Acts of 1919, and lack of human freedom and self-government for Indians in their own country. Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of th ...

Including:

• Chauri Chaura - Background
• Chauri Chaura - Cause
• Chauri Chaura - Consequences
• Chauri Chaura - Modern assessment

Read more here: » Chauri Chaura: Encyclopedia - Chauri Chaura

Vinoba Bhave, born Vinayak Narahari Bhave and often called Acharya (In Sanskrit and Hindi means teacher), is considered as a National Teacher of India and the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. Vinoba Bhave - Early life. He was born in Gagode, Maharashtra on September 11, 1895 into a pious family of Chitpawan Brahmin clan. He was highly inspired after reading the Bhagavad Gita, one of the holiest Hindu scriptures at a very young age. Mohandas G ...

Including:

• Vinoba Bhave - Early life
• Vinoba Bhave - Freedom struggle
• Vinoba Bhave - Religious and social work
• Vinoba Bhave - Later life and death
• Vinoba Bhave - Quotes

Read more here: » Vinoba Bhave: Encyclopedia - Vinoba Bhave

Tapasya is the principle and practice of physical and spiritual austerity and discipline to achieve a particular aim. A Sanskrit word, Tapasya is literally an personal endeavor of discipline, undertaken to achieve a goal. It is usually applied in religious and spiritual terms, but can be applied to any field or context. One who undertakes a tapasya is a Tapasvin. Monks and gurus in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism practice tapasya as a means to purify and strengthen their devotion to Go ...

Including:

• Tapasya - Undertaking Tapasya
• Tapasya - Brahmacharya
• Tapasya - Yoga and Vows
• Tapasya - Religion and Mythology
• Tapasya - Famous Tapasvins
• Tapasya - Buddha and Mahavira
• Tapasya - Modern Tapasvins
• Tapasya - Exhausting or Violating Tapasya
• Tapasya - See Also

Read more here: » Tapasya: Encyclopedia - Tapasya

The first Satyagraha revolutions inspired by Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian Independence Movement occurred in Kheda district of Gujarat and the Champaran district of Bihar between the years of 1918 and 1919. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - Champaran Bihar. In Champaran, a district in the then-province, now state of Bihar, tens of thousands of landless serfs, indentured laborers and poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Suppressed ...

Including:

• Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - Champaran Bihar
• Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - Kheda Gujarat
• Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - Gandhi's Solution
• Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - In Champaran
• Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - In Kheda
• Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha - Success and Legacy

Read more here: » Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha: Encyclopedia - Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Devanagari/Hindi: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी; Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; October 2, 1869–January 30, 1948) was the spiritual and political leader of India who led the struggle for Indian independence from the British Empire, empowered by tens of millions of Indians. Throughout his life, he rejected any form of terrorism or violence. His philosophy of nonviolence, for which he coined the term satyagraha, has influenced national and inter ...

Including:

• Mahatma Gandhi - Early Life
• Mahatma Gandhi - Civil rights movement in South Africa 1893–1914
• Mahatma Gandhi - Inspirations
• Mahatma Gandhi - Personal Life
• Mahatma Gandhi - Movement for India's Independence 1916–1945
• Mahatma Gandhi - Champaran and Kheda
• Mahatma Gandhi - Non-Cooperation Movement
• Mahatma Gandhi - Simon Commission and Swaraj
• Mahatma Gandhi - Salt Satyagraha and the Yeravda Pact
• Mahatma Gandhi - 1930s: Accepting Power Conflict with Bose
• Mahatma Gandhi - Do or Die: World War II and Quit India
• Mahatma Gandhi - Freedom and Partition of India 1945–1947
• Mahatma Gandhi - Post-Independence
• Mahatma Gandhi - Assassination and Dying Words
• Mahatma Gandhi - Gandhi's Vision and Principles
• Mahatma Gandhi - Vision for India
• Mahatma Gandhi - Nonviolence
• Mahatma Gandhi - Satya
• Mahatma Gandhi - Vegetarianism
• Mahatma Gandhi - Celibacy
• Mahatma Gandhi - Silence
• Mahatma Gandhi - Simple living
• Mahatma Gandhi - Religion
• Mahatma Gandhi - Faith
• Mahatma Gandhi - The Leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
• Mahatma Gandhi - Modern criticism
• Mahatma Gandhi - Recognition
• Mahatma Gandhi - Mahatma
• Mahatma Gandhi - Artistic depictions
• Mahatma Gandhi - Commemorations Beyond India
• Mahatma Gandhi - References for the article on Mahatma Gandhi

Read more here: » Mahatma Gandhi: Encyclopedia - Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi noted: In the application of Satyagraha, I discovered, in the earliest stages, that pursuit of Truth did not admit of violence being inflicted on one's opponent, but that he must be weaned from error by patience and sympathy. For, what appears to be truth to the one may appear to be error to the other. And patience means self-suffering. So the doctrine came to mean vindication of Truth, not by infliction of suffering on the opponent but one's own self. Satyagraha and its off-shoots, non-co-operation an ...

See also:

Satyagraha, Satyagraha - Definition and Three Principles, Satyagraha - Civil Disobedience, Satyagraha - Fasting

Read more here: » Satyagraha: Encyclopedia II - Satyagraha - Definition and Three Principles

In early 1922, India was amidst a nationwide revolt now recognized as the Non-Cooperation Movement, which protested authoritarian laws like the Rowlatt Acts of 1919, and lack of human freedom and self-government for Indians in their own country. Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of the nationwide revolts organized by the Indian National Congress based upon civil disobedience, or Satyagraha by peaceful means alone. ...

See also:

Chauri Chaura, Chauri Chaura - Background, Chauri Chaura - Cause, Chauri Chaura - Consequences, Chauri Chaura - Modern assessment

Read more here: » Chauri Chaura: Encyclopedia II - Chauri Chaura - Background

According to the 1982 film Gandhi, a bio-epic by Richard Attenborough on the life of Mahatma Gandhi, the incident was caused when a group of policemen attacked a few members of a passing nationalist demonstration. Angered by the assault on their comrades, the demonstrators chased the policemen to the chowki. The police were outnumbered, and the demonstrators proceeded to torch the police station ...

See also:

Chauri Chaura, Chauri Chaura - Background, Chauri Chaura - Cause, Chauri Chaura - Consequences, Chauri Chaura - Modern assessment

Read more here: » Chauri Chaura: Encyclopedia II - Chauri Chaura - Cause

The British government imposed martial law and police fired upon other demonstrations in different parts of the country. British civilians were attacked, while scores of Indians were arrested or killed. Mahatma Gandhi asked all Indians to end civil disobedience, and went on a fast-unto-death to absolve himself of what he perceived as his role in inciting the attacks. Gandhi felt that he had acted too hastily in encouraging a revolt against British Raj, while not emphasizing the importance of ahimsa (non-violence) and not training the resisters enough. Due to his fast and the exhortation of Congr ...

See also:

Chauri Chaura, Chauri Chaura - Background, Chauri Chaura - Cause, Chauri Chaura - Consequences, Chauri Chaura - Modern assessment

Read more here: » Chauri Chaura: Encyclopedia II - Chauri Chaura - Consequences

He was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian independence movement. In 1932 he was sent to jail by the British colonial government because of his fight against British rule. There he gave a series of talks on the Gita, in his native language Marathi, to his fellow prisoners. These highly inspiring talks were later published as the book "Talks on the Gita", and it has been translated to many languages both in India and elsewhere. Vinoba felt that the source of these talks was something above and he believed that its influence wi ...

See also:

Vinoba Bhave, Vinoba Bhave - Early life, Vinoba Bhave - Freedom struggle, Vinoba Bhave - Religious and social work, Vinoba Bhave - Later life and death, Vinoba Bhave - Quotes

Read more here: » Vinoba Bhave: Encyclopedia II - Vinoba Bhave - Freedom struggle

When the first revolts led by Gandhi, of the Indian Independence Movement broke in Gujarat, Parikh was the chief lieutenant of Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He formed a close bond of friendship and trust with the latter, both working under a common teacher, Gandhi. Patel and Parikh scaled all of Gujarat to muster support for the tax and land revolt in Kheda (1918-19), Borsad (1924) and Bardoli (1928), the latter being the most famous Indi ...

See also:

Narhari Parikh, Narhari Parikh - Early Life, Narhari Parikh - Gandhi and Gujarat, Narhari Parikh - Satyagraha in Gujarat, Narhari Parikh - Later Life

Read more here: » Narhari Parikh: Encyclopedia II - Narhari Parikh - Satyagraha in Gujarat

Dr. Ansari became involved in the Indian Independence Movement during his stay in England. He moved back to Delhi and joined both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. He played an important role in the negotiation of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and served as the League's president in 1918 and 1920. He was an outspoken supporter of the Khilafat movement, and worked to bring the official Khilafat body, the League and the Congress Party together on the issue against the Mustafa Kemal's decision to oust the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph of Islam, and to protest ...

See also:

Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Early life and Medical career, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Nationalist activities, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Personal life and beliefs

Read more here: » Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari: Encyclopedia II - Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari - Nationalist activities

Ravana then undertakes another penance for 10,000 years, endeavoring to please Lord Brahma. Brahma tells Ravana that he cannot grant him the immortality he desires, for none of the created are immortal. But Ravana obtains invulnerability against all celestial beings and living creatures, save man. Vishwamitra: king Kaushika undertakes a heavy penance, fasting and meditating for thousands of years to become the equal of Guru Vasishta, a Brahmarishi. He steadily rises to become a Rajarshi, or a royal saint after a thousand ...

See also:

Tapasya, Tapasya - Undertaking Tapasya, Tapasya - Brahmacharya, Tapasya - Yoga and Vows, Tapasya - Religion and Mythology, Tapasya - Famous Tapasvins, Tapasya - Buddha and Mahavira, Tapasya - Modern Tapasvins, Tapasya - Exhausting or Violating Tapasya, Tapasya - See Also

Read more here: » Tapasya: Encyclopedia II - Tapasya - Famous Tapasvins

The Chauri Chaura incident is viewed by many modern historians as a minor episode of violence, which while regrettable, did not merit the cancellation of a nation's demand for political freedom. Supporters of Gandhi's point of view agree with his decision, as it was feared by Gandhi that Chauri Chaura was not an isolated incident, but a shocking episode in a rising trend of violence between protestors and police, which could have de-generated into an orgy of mob violence, which would justify martial law a ...

See also:

Chauri Chaura, Chauri Chaura - Background, Chauri Chaura - Cause, Chauri Chaura - Consequences, Chauri Chaura - Modern assessment

Read more here: » Chauri Chaura: Encyclopedia II - Chauri Chaura - Modern assessment

Vinoba's religious outlook was very broad and it synthesized the truths of many religions. This can be seen in one of his hymns "Om Tat" which contains symbols of many religions. He was also a scholar of many languages. Vinoba observed the life of the average Indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. This formed the core of his Sarvodaya (Awakening of all potentials) movement. Another example of this is the Bhoodhan (land gift) movement. He walked a ...

See also:

Vinoba Bhave, Vinoba Bhave - Early life, Vinoba Bhave - Freedom struggle, Vinoba Bhave - Religious and social work, Vinoba Bhave - Later life and death, Vinoba Bhave - Quotes

Read more here: » Vinoba Bhave: Encyclopedia II - Vinoba Bhave - Religious and social work

Born on June 18, 1899 at Multapi, district Baitul, Madhya Pradesh, Dada's family was known for its learning and scholarship as also for the study of Vedanta. His father Shri T. D. Dharmadhikari was a district and sessions judge, highly-regarded for his integrity and professional acumen. Dada studied at the Indore Christian College and later at Morris College in Nagpur. But left his studies half way to join the freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi. He however spent a year ...

See also:

Dada Dharmadhikari, Dada Dharmadhikari - Early Life, Dada Dharmadhikari - In the Freedom struggle and social work, Dada Dharmadhikari - Philosophy, Dada Dharmadhikari - Passing

Read more here: » Dada Dharmadhikari: Encyclopedia II - Dada Dharmadhikari - Early Life