Gallic Wars

The wars began in 58 BC with the large-scale migration of the Helvetii west from what is now Switzerland, which threatened to pass through the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. Caesar attacked, driving the Helvetii back to their lands (see Helvetian War). Later that year, the Gallic Aedui tribe asked for Roman assistance against their rivals, the Sequani, who had launched an invasion led by the German war leader Ariovistus. Caesar intervened in the conflict and soundly defeated Ariovist ...

See also:

Gallic Wars, Gallic Wars - Interventions, Gallic Wars - Punitive expeditions, Gallic Wars - Consolidation and rebellions, Gallic Wars - Factors for Roman success, Gallic Wars - The Gallic Wars in literature and culture

Read more here: » Gallic Wars: Encyclopedia II - Gallic Wars - Interventions

Anabasis is the most famous work of the Greek writer Xenophon. The journey it narrates is his best known accomplishment. Xenophon accompanied the Ten Thousand, a large army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger, who intended to seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II. Though Cyrus' army was victorious in a battle at Cunaxa in Babylon, Cyrus himself was killed in battle and the expedition rendered moot. Stranded deep in enemy territory, the Spartan general Clearchus and most of the other Greek ...

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Boudica (also written Boudicca, Boadicea, Buduica, Bonduca) (d. 60/61) was a queen of the Iceni who led a major uprising of the tribes of south-east Britain against the occupying Roman forces. After her husband, the Icenian king Prasutagus, died, the Romans had annexed his kingdom and brutally humiliated Boudica and her daughters. She destroyed the cities of Colchester, London and St Albans, causing the emperor Nero to consider withdrawing from the island; but the governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus defeated ...

Including:

• Boudica - History
• Boudica - Historical sources
• Boudica - Boudica or Boadicea?
• Boudica - Cultural impact
• Boudica - History and literature
• Boudica - Modern fiction
• Boudica - Films and television
• Boudica - Music
• Boudica - Other cultural references

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Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of fortifications dug into the ground, facing each other. Trench warfare arose when there was a revolution in firepower without similar advances in mobility and communications. Periods of trench warfare occurred during the American Civil War (1861-5) and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, and reached peak brutality and bloodshed on the Western Front in the First World War. Trench warfare - Background. Fortification is almost a ...

Including:

• Trench warfare - Background
• Trench warfare - Siege warfare
• Trench warfare - Maori Pas
• Trench warfare - Development
• Trench warfare - Implementation
• Trench warfare - Defensive system
• Trench warfare - Trench construction
• Trench warfare - Trench geography
• Trench warfare - Life in the trenches
• Trench warfare - Death in the trenches
• Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare
• Trench warfare - Infantry weapons
• Trench warfare - Machine guns
• Trench warfare - Mortars
• Trench warfare - Artillery
• Trench warfare - Gas
• Trench warfare - Helmets
• Trench warfare - Wire
• Trench warfare - Aircraft
• Trench warfare - Other Weapons
• Trench warfare - Mining
• Trench warfare - Trench battles
• Trench warfare - Strategy
• Trench warfare - Tactics
• Trench warfare - Communications
• Trench warfare - Obsolescence
• Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare
• Trench warfare - Sources

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For the Boston area punk band see Siege (band). For the James Mason book see Siege (book) A siege is a prolonged military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. A siege occurs when an attacker encounters a city or fortress that refuses to surrender and cannot be easily taken by a frontal assault. Sieges usually involve surrounding the target and blocking the provision of supplies, typically coupled with siege engines, artillery bombardment or sapping (als ...

Including:

• Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare
• Siege - Mongol siege warfare
• Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder
• Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications
• Siege - New styles of fortresses employed
• Siege - Marshal Vauban
• Siege - Advent of mobile warfare
• Siege - Modern warfare
• Siege - Recent sieges
• Siege - Police actions
• Siege - Bibliography
• Siege - Notes

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52 BC - Events. Roman Republic Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Pompey marries Cornelia Metella Milo is tried for the murder of Clodius. Despite Cicero's legal defence (Pro Milone) he is found guilty and exiled in Massilia (today Marseille) Last year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars - March - Siege of and captures of Avaricum (Bourges) April-May - Siege and repulse from Gergovia July - Battle of the ...

Including:

• 52 BC - Events
• 52 BC - Births
• 52 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 52 BC: Encyclopedia - 52 BC

Ancient Roman culture evolved throughout the almost 1300-year history of that civilization. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which, at peak, covered an area from Cumbria and Morocco to the Euphrates. Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on seven hills, and its monumental structures like the Colosseum, the Forum of Trajan and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters and gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under t ...

Including:

• Culture of ancient Rome - Historical and cultural context
• Culture of ancient Rome - Social structure
• Culture of ancient Rome - Customs and daily life
• Culture of ancient Rome - Clothing
• Culture of ancient Rome - Dining
• Culture of ancient Rome - Education
• Culture of ancient Rome - Language
• Culture of ancient Rome - The arts
• Culture of ancient Rome - Literature
• Culture of ancient Rome - Visual art
• Culture of ancient Rome - Music
• Culture of ancient Rome - Architecture
• Culture of ancient Rome - Sports and entertainment
• Culture of ancient Rome - Religion

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Commentarii de Bello Gallico (literally "Commentaries on the Gallic Wars" in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul. English translations of the book often retain the Latin title; sometimes, various translations of the book's Latin title are used, including About the Gallic War, Of the Gallic War, On the Gallic War,

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The Celts practised human sacrifice on a limited scale as part of their religious rituals. Animal sacrifice was more commonplace along with ritual deposition of tools, weapons and jewelry. The evidence for human sacrifices comes from: Writings by Romans and Greeks often at second hand or hearsay Irish medieval texts Archaeological data All these sources are, however, open to interpretation and subject to bias. Julius Caesar wrote in his Gallic Wars: [The Gauls] believ ...

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The term Celts (pronounced "kelts" or "selts")[1] refers to any of a number of ancient peoples in Europe using the Celtic languages, which form a branch of Indo-European languages, as well as others whose language is unknown but where associated cultural traits such as Celtic art are found in archaeological evidence. Historical theories were developed that these factors were indicat ...

Including:

• Celt - Development of the term Celt
• Celt - Population genetics
• Celt - Origins and geographical distribution
• Celt - Celts in Ireland and Britain
• Celt - Roman influence
• Celt - Examples of Romanization
• Celt - Celtic Christianity
• Celt - Celts pushed west by Germanic migration
• Celt - Celtic social system and arts
• Celt - Celtic Religous Patterns
• Celt - Celts as head-hunters
• Celt - Names for Celts
• Celt - The name Gauls
• Celt - The word Welsh
• Celt - The name Celts
• Celt - Endnotes

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The term Celtic calendar is used to refer to a variety of calendars used by Celtic-speaking peoples at different times in history. Celtic calendar - Neolithic Calendar?. A neolithic engraved stone found at Knowth, Ireland, may be a graphical representation of a lunar calendar. While pre-dating the Celts, Brennan (1994) speculates that it operates on the same principle as the Coligny calendar. Irish calendar, Celtic art Celtic calendar - Continental Celt ...

Including:

• Celtic calendar - Neolithic Calendar?
• Celtic calendar - Continental Celtic Calendar
• Celtic calendar - Mediaeval Irish and Welsh Calendars
• Celtic calendar - Neo-Pagan calendars

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Circumvallation is a standard military tactic of siege used in ancient and modern warfare. It describes the process of the attacking army building a line of fortifications around the besieged city facing towards the city (to protect itself from sorties by its defenders and to enhance the blockade). The resulting fortifications are known as 'lines of circumvallation'. Lines of circumvallation generally consist of earth ramparts and entrenchments that encircle the besieged city. The line of circumvallation can be used as a base for launching assaults against the besieged city o ...

Including:

• Circumvallation - Examples of circumvallation in military history

Read more here: » Circumvallation: Encyclopedia - Circumvallation

England is a nation and the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom accounting for more than 83% of the total UK population. It occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with fellow home nations Scotland, to the north, and Wales, to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the sea. England is named after the Angles, one of a number of Germanic tribes believed to have originated in Angeln in Northern Germany, who settled in England in the 5th and 6th ...

Including:

• England - History
• England - Politics
• England - Subdivisions
• England - Geography
• England - Major rivers
• England - Major conurbations
• England - Economy
• England - Demographics
• England - English identity
• England - Culture
• England - Languages
• England - Nomenclature
• England - Symbols and insignia
• England - National anthems

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The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia was a conflict fought in September 52 BC around the Gallic oppidum of Alesia, a major town centre and hill fort of the Mandubii tribe, situated probably at Chaux-des-Crotenay (Jura). Earlier research located Alesia atop Mont Auxois, above modern Alise-Sainte-Reine in France, but this location does not fit Caesar's description of the battle. Alise-Sainte-Reine is still the official location of Alesia. This battle was fought by the army of the Roman Republic commanded by Julius Caesa ...

Including:

• Battle of Alesia - Prelude
• Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle
• Battle of Alesia - Aftermath
• Battle of Alesia - Issues in historical reconstruction of the events

Read more here: » Battle of Alesia: Encyclopedia - Battle of Alesia

A book is a collection of leaves of paper, parchment or other material, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers. Publishers may ...

Including:

• Book - History
• Book - Structure of book
• Book - Conservation issues
• Book - Collections of books
• Book - Keeping track of books
• Book - Transition to digital format
• Book - Related articles and lists
• Book - Online book databases and lists

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57 BC - Events. India The city of Ajodhya is restored by King Vikramaditya Roman Republic Consuls: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Gallic Wars: May - Battle of the Axona: Julius Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of the Suessiones July - Caesar defeats the Nervii in the Battle of the Sabis September - the siege and capture of Aduatuca (Tongeren) by Caesar ...

Including:

• 57 BC - Events
• 57 BC - Births
• 57 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 57 BC: Encyclopedia - 57 BC

55 BC - Events. Roman Republic Consuls: Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gallic Wars May - Julius Caesar defeats a Germanic army then massacres the women and children, totalling 430,000 people, somewhere near the Meuse and Rhine Rivers. June - Caesar crosses the Rhine River near the modern site of Bonn August - Julius Caesar commands the first Roman invasion of Britain. Due to bad weather and revolts in Gaul the expedition achieves little, but t ...

Including:

• 55 BC - Events
• 55 BC - Births
• 55 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 55 BC: Encyclopedia - 55 BC

54 BC - Events. Roman Republic Consuls: Appius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Gallic Wars July - Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain: receives nominal submission from the chieftain Cassivellaunus and installs Mandubracius as a friendly king Ambiorix revolts in Gaul. Pompey builds the first permanent theatre in Rome. Crassus arrives in Syria as proconsul Octavia Thurnia Minor and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Min ...

Including:

• 54 BC - Events
• 54 BC - Births
• 54 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 54 BC: Encyclopedia - 54 BC

The term Picts refers to the tribes that Mediterranean classical-era writers placed in Caledonia, which itself comprises the part of present-day Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde. Pict first appears in a panegyric written by Eumenius in AD 297. Although Picti is usually taken to mean painted or tattooed in Latin, the term may have a Celtic origin. The Goidelic Celts called the Picts cruithne (e.g. Old Irish cru(i)then-túath, based on the Old Irish root cruth) and the Brython ...

Including:

• Picts - History
• Picts - Pictish language
• Picts - The legends of the Painted People
• Picts - The Picts in Fantasy

Read more here: » Picts: Encyclopedia - Picts

58 BC - Events. Roman Republic Consuls: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius Publius Clodius Pulcher, Roman tribune, institutes a monthly corn dole for poor Romans, and exiles Cicero from the city Cyprus becomes a Roman province First year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars: June - Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii in the Battle of the Arar. July - Caesar decisively defeats the Helvetii in the Battle of Bibracte. September - Caes ...

Including:

• 58 BC - Events
• 58 BC - Births
• 58 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 58 BC: Encyclopedia - 58 BC