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James Ephraim Lovelock (born July 26, 1919), FRS, is an independent scientist, author, researcher and environmentalist who lives in Cornwall, in the south west of Great Britain. He is most famous for proposing and popularizing the Gaia hypothesis, in which he postulates that the Earth functions as a kind of superorganism (a term coined by Lynn Margulis). James Lovelock - Life history. Lovelock was born in Letchworth Garden City. He studied chemistry at the University of Manchester before taking up a Medical ...

Including:

• James Lovelock - Life history
• James Lovelock - Professional career
• James Lovelock - Controversy
• James Lovelock - Gaia
• James Lovelock - Nuclear Power
• James Lovelock - Books

Read more here: » James Lovelock: Encyclopedia - James Lovelock

Daisyworld, a computer simulation, is a hypothetical world orbiting a sun whose temperature is slowly increasing in the simulation. Daisyworld was introduced by James Lovelock and Andrew Watson to illustrate the plausibility of the Gaia hypothesis in a paper published in 1983. The simulated planet is seeded with two different species of daisy as its only life form: black daisies and white daisies. White daisies have white flowers which reflect light, and the other species has black flowers that absorb light. Both species have the same ...

Including:

• Daisyworld - External references and links

Read more here: » Daisyworld: Encyclopedia - Daisyworld

Gaia theory today is a spectrum of hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable (Weak Gaia) to the radical (Strong Gaia). At one end of this spectrum is the undeniable statement that the organisms on the Earth have radically altered its composition. A stronger position is that the Earth's biosphere effectively acts as if it is a self-organizing system, which works in such a way as to keep its systems in some kind of meta-equilibrium that is broadly conducive to life. The history of evolution, ecology and climate show that the exact charact ...

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Gaia theory science, Gaia theory science - Range of views, Gaia theory science - Gaia theories, Gaia theory science - Early modern parallels, Gaia theory science - Lovelock initial hypothesis, Gaia theory science - Critical analysis, Gaia theory science - Basis, Gaia theory science - Criticism, Gaia theory science - DaisyWorld simulations, Gaia theory science - The First Gaia Conference, Gaia theory science - Strong Gaia theories, Gaia theory science - Semantic debate, Gaia theory science - Recent Developments, Gaia theory science - The Second Gaia Conference, Gaia theory science - Gaia hypothesis in ecology

Read more here: » Gaia theory science: Encyclopedia II - Gaia theory science - Range of views

See the main article Gaia theory (science) for more. Buckminster Fuller has been credited as the first to incorporate scientific ideas into a Gaia theory, which he did with his Dymaxion map of the Earth. The first scientifically rigorous theory was the Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock, a UK chemist. While controversial at first, various forms of this idea became accepted to some degree by many scientists. A variant of this hypothesis was developed by Lynn Margulis, a microbiologist, in 1979. Her version is sometimes called the "Gaia Theory" (note uppercase-T). Her mode ...

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Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science

Gaia theory science - Early modern parallels. In Lives of a Cell (1974), the biologist, Lewis Thomas, makes an observation very similar to Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis: I have been trying to think of the earth as a kind of organism, but it is no go. I cannot think of it this way. It is too big, too complex, with too many working parts lacking visible connections. The other night, driving through a hilly, wooded part of southern New England, I wondered about this. If not like an organism, what is it like, what is it most like? Then, satisfactorily for that moment, it ...

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Gaia theory science, Gaia theory science - Range of views, Gaia theory science - Gaia theories, Gaia theory science - Early modern parallels, Gaia theory science - Lovelock initial hypothesis, Gaia theory science - Critical analysis, Gaia theory science - Basis, Gaia theory science - Criticism, Gaia theory science - DaisyWorld simulations, Gaia theory science - The First Gaia Conference, Gaia theory science - Strong Gaia theories, Gaia theory science - Semantic debate, Gaia theory science - Recent Developments, Gaia theory science - The Second Gaia Conference, Gaia theory science - Gaia hypothesis in ecology

Read more here: » Gaia theory science: Encyclopedia II - Gaia theory science - Gaia theories

A morphogenetic field, according to biologist Rupert Sheldrake, is a biological and potentially social equivalent to an electromagnetic field that operates to shape the exact form of a living thing and may also shape its behaviour and coordination with other beings. This morphogenetic field provides a force that guides the development of an organism as it grows, making it take on a form similar to that of others in its species.

Read more here: » Morphogenetic fields: Morphogenetic fields and Rupert Sheldrake

There are some mystical, scientific and religious predecessors to the theory, which had a Gaia-like conceptual basis. Many religious mythologies had a view of Earth as being a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts (e.g. some Native American religions). Lewis Thomas held that Earth should be viewed as a single cell; he derived this view from Johannes Kepler's view of Earth as a single round organism. Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and geologist, believes that evolution unfolded from cell to organism to planet to solar ...

See also:

Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory

Gaia theory is a spectrum of hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable to radical. At one end is the undeniable statement that the organisms on the Earth have radically altered its composition. A stronger position is that the Earth's biosphere effectively acts as if it is a self-organizing system which works in such a way as to keep its systems in some kind of equilibrium that is conducive to life. Biologists usually view this activity as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem; as each individual species pursues its own self-interest ...

See also:

Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Range of views

Some radical political environmentalists who accept some form of the Gaia theory call themselves Gaians. They actively seek to restore the Earth's homeostasis - whenever they see it out of balance, e.g. to prevent manmade climate change, primate extinction, or rainforest loss. In effect, they seek to cooperate to 'become' the "system consciously manipulating to make conditions more conducive to life". Such activity 'defines' the homeostasis, but for leverage it relies on deep investigation of the homeorhetic balances, if only to find places to interven ...

See also:

Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics

History of ecology - The botanical geography and Alexander von Humboldt. Throughout the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the great maritime powers such as Britain, Spain, and Portugal launched many world exploratory expeditions to develop maritime commerce with other countries, and to discover new natural resources, as well as to catalog them. At the beginning of the 18th century, about twenty thousand plant species were known, vers ...

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History of ecology, History of ecology - 18th and 19th century ~ Ecological murmurs, History of ecology - The botanical geography and Alexander von Humboldt, History of ecology - The notion of biocoenosis: Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, History of ecology - Early 20th century ~ Expansion of ecological thought, History of ecology - The biosphere - Eduard Suess Henry Chandler Cowles and Vladimir Vernadsky, History of ecology - The ecosystem: Arthur Tansley, History of ecology - Ecological Succession - Henry Chandler Cowles, History of ecology - Human ecology, History of ecology - Modern ecology comes of age, History of ecology - James Lovelock and the Gaia hypothesis, History of ecology - Conservation and environmental movements, History of ecology - Ecology and global policy

Read more here: » History of ecology: Encyclopedia II - History of ecology - 18th and 19th century ~ Ecological murmurs

The question of "what is an organism" and at what scale is it rational to speak about organisms vs. biospheres, give rise to a semantic debate. We are all ecologies in the sense that our (human) bodies contain gut bacteria, parasite species, etc., and to them our body is not organism but rather more of a microclimate or biome. Applying that thinking to whole planets: The argument is that these symbiotic organisms, being unable to survive apart from each other and their climate and local conditions, form an organism in their own right, ...

See also:

Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

History of ecology - The biosphere - Eduard Suess Henry Chandler Cowles and Vladimir Vernadsky. By the 19th century, ecology blossomed due to new discoveries in chemistry by Lavoisier and de Saussure, notably the nitrogen cycle. After observing the fact that life developed only within strict limits of each compartment that makes up the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the term biosphere in 1875. Suess proposed the name biosphere for the conditions promoting life, suc ...

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History of ecology, History of ecology - 18th and 19th century ~ Ecological murmurs, History of ecology - The botanical geography and Alexander von Humboldt, History of ecology - The notion of biocoenosis: Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, History of ecology - Early 20th century ~ Expansion of ecological thought, History of ecology - The biosphere - Eduard Suess Henry Chandler Cowles and Vladimir Vernadsky, History of ecology - The ecosystem: Arthur Tansley, History of ecology - Ecological Succession - Henry Chandler Cowles, History of ecology - Human ecology, History of ecology - Modern ecology comes of age, History of ecology - James Lovelock and the Gaia hypothesis, History of ecology - Conservation and environmental movements, History of ecology - Ecology and global policy

Read more here: » History of ecology: Encyclopedia II - History of ecology - Early 20th century ~ Expansion of ecological thought

In the Star Trek universe, Earth was one of the founding members of the United Federation of Planets. Several major federal organizations are found on Earth, such as the Federation Council which meets in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. The Federation President also keeps offices in Paris, and Starfleet Headquarters is located in San Francisco. Major events on Earth included first contact with the Vulcans (Star Trek: First Contact), barely averted attacks by the Borg (in "The Best of Both Worlds" and Star Trek: First Contact) ...

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Earth in fiction, Earth in fiction - Hitchhiker's Guide, Earth in fiction - Star Trek, Earth in fiction - Firefly, Earth in fiction - Battlestar Galactica, Earth in fiction - Dune, Earth in fiction - Stargate, Earth in fiction - Other fiction

Read more here: » Earth in fiction: Encyclopedia II - Earth in fiction - Star Trek

In the Joss Whedon series Firefly, Earth is long since uninhabitable. It is referred to with awe as "Earth-That-Was", having been abandoned centuries ago due to overpopulation and depletion of the planet's natural resources. After fleeing the planet, the remnants of humanity travelled in generation ships for decades (many humans lived their entire lives within a spaceship's walls) until finding a new star system. Collection of Earth-That-Was artifacts is a popular hobby, and ancient Ea ...

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Earth in fiction, Earth in fiction - Hitchhiker's Guide, Earth in fiction - Star Trek, Earth in fiction - Firefly, Earth in fiction - Battlestar Galactica, Earth in fiction - Dune, Earth in fiction - Stargate, Earth in fiction - Other fiction

Read more here: » Earth in fiction: Encyclopedia II - Earth in fiction - Firefly

In the Stargate television series (Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis), Earth is described as one of countless inhabited worlds, and is revealed to be the origin of humans. In ancient history many humans were kidnapped and enslaved by powerful malevolent alien races, primarily the Goa'uld. Others remained to form present day Earth societies, which interact covertly with other extra-terrestrial races and civilizations. The main interaction between Earth and the rest of the Universe is via three organisations; The Inter ...

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Earth in fiction, Earth in fiction - Hitchhiker's Guide, Earth in fiction - Star Trek, Earth in fiction - Firefly, Earth in fiction - Battlestar Galactica, Earth in fiction - Dune, Earth in fiction - Stargate, Earth in fiction - Other fiction

Read more here: » Earth in fiction: Encyclopedia II - Earth in fiction - Stargate

In David Weber's Honorverse, Earth is the capital planet of the Solarian League, the largest and wealthiest political institution ever created by man. Prior to the League's creation, a large portion of humanity departed for other planets and solar systems in what came to be known as the Diaspora, leaving those who remained to rebuild from the effects of pollution, resource exhaustion, and the cataclysmic Final War. They did so, and Earth once again became the political, economic, and cultural center of humanity. The Earth also plays a major part in the Doctor Who univer ...

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Earth in fiction, Earth in fiction - Hitchhiker's Guide, Earth in fiction - Star Trek, Earth in fiction - Firefly, Earth in fiction - Battlestar Galactica, Earth in fiction - Dune, Earth in fiction - Stargate, Earth in fiction - Other fiction

Read more here: » Earth in fiction: Encyclopedia II - Earth in fiction - Other fiction

A lifelong inventor, Lovelock has created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which have been adopted by NASA in its program of planetary exploration. It was while working for NASA that Lovelock developed the Gaia Hypothesis. In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces. The Viking program that visited Mars in the late 1970s was motivated in part to determining whether Mars supported life, and many of the sensors and ...

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James Lovelock, James Lovelock - Life history, James Lovelock - Professional career, James Lovelock - Controversy, James Lovelock - Gaia, James Lovelock - Nuclear Power, James Lovelock - Books

Read more here: » James Lovelock: Encyclopedia II - James Lovelock - Professional career

James Lovelock - Gaia. While the Gaia Hypothesis was readily accepted by many in the environmentalist community, it has not been fully accepted within the scientific community. Among its more famous critics are Richard Dawkins and Ford Doolittle, and a detailed description of disputes surrounding it can be found here. Briefly, critics point out that since natural selection operates on individuals, it is not obvious how planetary-scale homeostasis can evolve. Lovelock has countered with models such as Daisyworld, ...

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James Lovelock, James Lovelock - Life history, James Lovelock - Professional career, James Lovelock - Controversy, James Lovelock - Gaia, James Lovelock - Nuclear Power, James Lovelock - Books

Read more here: » James Lovelock: Encyclopedia II - James Lovelock - Controversy

Marshall’s ecologic extension places emphasis not on human rights but on the fundamental interdependence of all biological and a-biological entities and their essential diversity. This is the same classification of Smith’s eco-holism, and argues for the intrinsic value inherent in eco-systems or the environment as a whole entity. This category includes James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis; the theory that the planet earth or ‘Gaia spirit’ alters its geo-physiological structure over time in order to ensure the continuation of an ...

See also:

Environmental ethics, Environmental ethics - Libertarian Extension, Environmental ethics - Ecologic Extension, Environmental ethics - Conservation Ethics, Environmental ethics - Humanist Theories, Environmental ethics - Anthropocentrism

Read more here: » Environmental ethics: Encyclopedia II - Environmental ethics - Ecologic Extension

Gaia - N

A Greek name for the goddess of the earth. It also refers to a scientific hypothesis formulated by James Lovelock whereby all living matter on the earth is believed to be a single living organism. In such a scheme, humanity is considered the nervous system of the living earth.

(See also: Gaia, New Age, Body mind and Soul)