Gagauz - Early history and settlement in Bessarabia. Ancestors of the Gagauz can be traced to the early nomadic tribes, Guzi and Uzi (also called Ghuzz and Uz which are branches of Oghuz). Byzantine written history records that in the 11th century the nomadic tribe Guzi crossed the Danube River and settled in the Balkan regions of Greece and Bulgaria. Once settled in these new regions, the Guzi people shifted to a sedentary lifestyle and adopted Orthodox Christianity. The ethnic mixes of the Guzi with other Turkic tribes of the Pechenegi, Polovtsi and Kumani are direct a ...

See also:

Gagauz, Gagauz - Geographic distribution, Gagauz - History, Gagauz - Early history and settlement in Bessarabia, Gagauz - Soviet Union and Republic of Moldova

Read more here: » Gagauz: Encyclopedia II - Gagauz - History

Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia annexed by Russia in 1812. The remaining Moldavia united with Wallachia in 1859 in what would become the Kingdom of Romania. In 1918, Bessarabia declared its independence from Russia and at the end of World War I, it united with the Kingdom of Romania. USSR annexed Bessarabia in the beginning of World War II (see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) and a ...

Including:

• Bessarabia - Geography
• Bessarabia - History
• Bessarabia - Ancient times
• Bessarabia - The Age of the migrations
• Bessarabia - Principality of Moldavia
• Bessarabia - Part of Russia
• Bessarabia - Part of Romania
• Bessarabia - World War II
• Bessarabia - Part of the Soviet Union
• Bessarabia - Rise of the Independent Moldova
• Bessarabia - Population
• Bessarabia - Economy

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The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of south-eastern Europe. The region has a combined area of 728,000 km² and a population of around 53 million. The region takes its name from the Balkan mountains which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. Balkans - Definitions and boundaries. Balkans - Balkan Peninsula. The Balkans are sometimes referred to as the "Balkan Peninsula" as they are surrounded by ...

Including:

• Balkans - Definitions and boundaries
• Balkans - Balkan Peninsula
• Balkans - The Balkans
• Balkans - Etymology and evolving meaning
• Balkans - Southeastern Europe
• Balkans - Ambiguities and controversies
• Balkans - Current common definition
• Balkans - Related countries
• Balkans - Nature and natural resources
• Balkans - History and geopolitical significance
• Balkans - Population composition by nationality and religion

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U (У, у) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /u/. In few languages similar (but not the same) letters are used (see [1]) with other diacritics: Tajik: Ӯ (with macron); Altai (Oyrot), Khakas, Gagauz, Khanty, Mari: Ӱ (with diaeresis); Chuvash: Ӳ (with double acute); U Cyrillic - See Also. Ў ...

Including:

• U Cyrillic - See Also

Read more here: » U Cyrillic: Encyclopedia - U Cyrillic

Previously, on October 12, 1924 the Soviet Union set up an autonomous Moldavian ASSR as a part of the Ukrainian SSR between Dniester and Bug rivers, and it gave many rights to the Romanian minority there, possibly to encourage a dissent of the Romanian Moldavians. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Soviet Union and Hitler's Reich brought the teritories of Romania situated east of Prut into the Soviet Union in the summer of 1940, and a new Moldavian SSR was reorganised between Dniestern and Prut rivers, the old Moldavian ASSR being di ...

See also:

Moldavian SSR, Moldavian SSR - History, Moldavian SSR - Culture, Moldavian SSR - Demographics, Moldavian SSR - Economy

Read more here: » Moldavian SSR: Encyclopedia II - Moldavian SSR - History

Faeroese (Germanic) Fars (Iranian) Fijian Filipino Finnish (Finno-Ugric) Finnish Sign Language Fon French Créole French (Romance) French Sign Language Frisian (Germanic) Friulian (Romance) Fulani Fur ...

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List of languages, List of languages - A, List of languages - B, List of languages - C, List of languages - D, List of languages - E, List of languages - F, List of languages - G, List of languages - H, List of languages - I, List of languages - J, List of languages - K, List of languages - L, List of languages - M, List of languages - N, List of languages - O, List of languages - P, List of languages - Q, List of languages - R, List of languages - S, List of languages - T, List of languages - U, List of languages - V, List of languages - W, List of languages - X, List of languages - Y, List of languages - Z

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Turkish has an abundance of suffixes, but no prefixes (apart from the reduplicating intensifier prefix as in beyaz="white", bembeyaz="very white", sıcak="hot", sımsıcak="very hot"). (Some Arabic loan words have their own prefixes, but those are the common prefixes of Arabic.) One word can have many suffixes. Suffixes can be used to create new words (see #Vocabulary) or to indicate the grammatical function of a word. Turkish nouns can take endings indicating the person of a possessor. They can take case-e ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Grammar

Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 6th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC Latin 7th c. BC Runes 2nd c. Gothic 4th c. Armenian 405 Glagolitic 862 Cyril ...

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Greek alphabet, Greek alphabet - Main table, Greek alphabet - Obsolete letters, Greek alphabet - Letter combinations and diphthongs, Greek alphabet - Ligatures, Greek alphabet - History, Greek alphabet - Use of the Greek alphabet for other languages, Greek alphabet - Greek encodings, Greek alphabet - Greek in Unicode, Greek alphabet - Bibliography, Greek alphabet - Special characters

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The Constanţa-Cernavoda railroad was opened in 1860. The centuries of Ottoman rule led to the colonisation of Dobruja with Turks and to a substantial decrease of the Christian element as Bulgarians and Gagauz tended to emigrate to Wallachia and later in time (at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century) - to Russian Bessarabia. Between 30,000 and 40,000 Crimean Tatars were settled in Dobruja in the 1860s as part of the efforts of the Ottoman government to boost the Muslim element in its European provinces. As a resul ...

See also:

History of Dobruja, History of Dobruja - Ancient times, History of Dobruja - Medieval age, History of Dobruja - Modern age

Read more here: » History of Dobruja: Encyclopedia II - History of Dobruja - Modern age

Balkan languages - Romance languages. Romanian Aromanian Meglenitic Italian (on the Adriatic coast) Ladino (in Greece and Turkey) Balkan languages - Slavic languages. Bosnian Bulgarian Serbian Macedonian Croatian Slovenian Balkan languages - Indo-Aryan languages. Romany ...

See also:

Balkan languages, Balkan languages - Indo-European languages, Balkan languages - Romance languages, Balkan languages - Slavic languages, Balkan languages - Indo-Aryan languages, Balkan languages - Turkish languages, Balkan languages - Ibero-Caucasian languages, Balkan languages - Extinct languages

Read more here: » Balkan languages: Encyclopedia II - Balkan languages - Indo-European languages

The greatest Moldavian prince was Ştefan cel Mare, or Stefan the Great (ruled 1457-1504). With his army of boyars and retainers, Stefan fought off invasions from the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Crimean Tatars. Stefan fought 36 major battles, where his greatest victory was that over the Ottomans, at the Battle of Vaslui. He suffered only two defeats, and, at the end of his reign, Moldavia had kept her independenc ...

See also:

History of Moldova, History of Moldova - Origins of the name, History of Moldova - Early history, History of Moldova - Medieval history, History of Moldova - Commonwealth interventions, History of Moldova - Russian expansion, History of Moldova - Beginning of the Soviet period, History of Moldova - World War II, History of Moldova - Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control, History of Moldova - Increasing self-expression, History of Moldova - Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria, History of Moldova - Independence, History of Moldova - Post independence: 1993 to 1998, History of Moldova - Recent history: 2001 to present

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The Oghuz Turks have perhaps been the most successful branch of Turkic peoples and families. Their history as kings, statesmen, warriors, as well as an enormous tribal union and large communal branch begins in the pre-Islamic period, yet their achievements and progression in the centuries after the arrival of Islam have left their mark on history and civilization. The original homeland of the Oghuz, like other Turks, was the Ural-Altay region of Central Asia known as Turkestan or Turan, which has been the domain of Turkic peopl ...

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Oghuz Turks, Oghuz Turks - Name, Oghuz Turks - Origins, Oghuz Turks - Anthropology, Oghuz Turks - Social Unit, Oghuz Turks - Homeland in Transoxiana, Oghuz Turks - Dynasties, Oghuz Turks - Turcoman & Turkmen, Oghuz Turks - Literature

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At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of Bulgarians and Turks with several smaller minorities, including Gagauz, Crimean Tatars and Romanians. Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous Bulgarian principality from the time of the liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1878 until the Balkan Wars. After the defeat of Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War, the region was transferred to Romania under the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest. Romania ruled Southern Dobruja until 1940 settling tens of thousands of Aromanians from Macedonia and Northern Greece, as wel ...

See also:

Southern Dobruja, Southern Dobruja - History

Read more here: » Southern Dobruja: Encyclopedia II - Southern Dobruja - History

Main article: History of Moldova Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians. Strategical location due to the situation on a strategic route between Asia and Europe, Moldova has suffered from several invasions, including those of the Kievan Rus' and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova (including most of present-day Moldova but also including districts to the north and south, known as Northern Bukovina and Budjak) formed the eastern part of the principality of Moldavi ...

See also:

Republic of Moldova, Republic of Moldova - History, Republic of Moldova - National symbols, Republic of Moldova - Flag, Republic of Moldova - Currency, Republic of Moldova - Ştefan cel Mare, Republic of Moldova - Dimitrie Cantemir, Republic of Moldova - Politics, Republic of Moldova - Relations with Romania and the European Union, Republic of Moldova - Administrative divisions, Republic of Moldova - Geography, Republic of Moldova - Largest cities, Republic of Moldova - Economy, Republic of Moldova - Demographics, Republic of Moldova - Language, Republic of Moldova - Comparison with Romanian, Republic of Moldova - Information Technologies and Telecommunications, Republic of Moldova - Culture, Republic of Moldova - Tourism in Moldova, Republic of Moldova - Miscellaneous topics, Republic of Moldova - Maps, Republic of Moldova - Gallery, Republic of Moldova - International rankings

Read more here: » Republic of Moldova: Encyclopedia II - Republic of Moldova - History

According to one theory, the Pechenegs originated from the Wusun people of Central Asia, recorded in Chinese chronicles in the early centuries of the modern era. Whatever the truth of this, the Pechenegs emerge in the historical records only in the 8th and 9th centuries, inhabiting the region between the lower Volga, the Don, and the Ural Mountains. By the 9th-10th centuries AD they controlled much of the steppes of southwestern Eurasia and the Crimean Peninsula. Although an important factor in the region at the time, like most nomadic tribes their concept of statecraft failed to go beyond random attacks on neighbour ...

See also:

Pecheneg, Pecheneg - Origins and Area, Pecheneg - Alliance with Byzantium, Pecheneg - History and Decline

Read more here: » Pecheneg: Encyclopedia II - Pecheneg - Origins and Area

The name Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian) probably derives from the Wallachian family of Basarab, who once ruled over the southern part of the area. The name originally applied only to the southern part of the territory, which corresponds in size with the modern day Budjak. The Turks were the first to call it " Besarabya", which they began doing when they gained control of the area in 1484. From the 15th to the 20th centuries, the region passed successively to: Moldavia, the Ottoman Empire (only the Budjak region), Russia, Romania, the Soviet Union, Ukraine and Moldova. ...

See also:

Bessarabia, Bessarabia - Geography, Bessarabia - History, Bessarabia - Ancient times, Bessarabia - The Age of the migrations, Bessarabia - Principality of Moldavia, Bessarabia - Part of Russia, Bessarabia - Part of Romania, Bessarabia - World War II, Bessarabia - Part of the Soviet Union, Bessarabia - Rise of the Independent Moldova, Bessarabia - Population, Bessarabia - Economy

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The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million): 3.83 % Tatars (5,554,601) 2.03% Ukrainians (2,942,961) 1.15% Bashkirs (1,673,389) 1.13% Chuvashs (1,637,094) 0.94% Chechens ...

See also:

Demographics of Russia, Demographics of Russia - Population, Demographics of Russia - Ethnic groups, Demographics of Russia - Gradient, Demographics of Russia - Languages, Demographics of Russia - Religion, Demographics of Russia - Education, Demographics of Russia - Labor force, Demographics of Russia - Health, Demographics of Russia - Main cities

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Balkans - Balkan Peninsula. The Balkans are sometimes referred to as the "Balkan Peninsula" as they are surrounded by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the east and branches of the Mediterranean Sea to the south and west (including the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean and Marmara seas). While it is not geographically a peninsula as it has no isthmus to connect it to the mainland of Europe, this name is nonetheless commonly used to denote the wider region. ...

See also:

Balkans, Balkans - Definitions and boundaries, Balkans - Balkan Peninsula, Balkans - The Balkans, Balkans - Etymology and evolving meaning, Balkans - Southeastern Europe, Balkans - Ambiguities and controversies, Balkans - Current common definition, Balkans - Related countries, Balkans - Nature and natural resources, Balkans - History and geopolitical significance, Balkans - Population composition by nationality and religion

Read more here: » Balkans: Encyclopedia II - Balkans - Definitions and boundaries

Various pre-Islamic Turkic civilizations of the 6th century were Shamanist and Tengriist. The Shamanist religion is based on spiritual and natural elements of earth. Tenghriism in turn involved belief in the god Tenghri as the god who ruled over the skies.They were also bearers of the Zoroastrian religion, especially in Azerbaijan, Buddhism, Judaism and above all Islam. Today, most Turks are Sunni Muslims. They include the majority of Balkan Turks, Bashkorts, Crimean Tatars, Karachay, Kazaks, Kumuk, Kyrgyz, Malkar, Nogay, Tatars (Kaza ...

See also:

Turkic peoples, Turkic peoples - Geographical Distribution, Turkic peoples - Turkic Roots, Turkic peoples - Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - Traditions About Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - History, Turkic peoples - Language, Turkic peoples - Religion, Turkic peoples - Geographical distribution and ethnic division, Turkic peoples - Physical appearance, Turkic peoples - Turkish world and Pan-Turkism, Turkic peoples - Translations for Turk

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Turkish has an abundance of suffixes, but no native prefixes (apart from the reduplicating intensifier prefix as in beyaz="white", bembeyaz="very white", sıcak="hot", sımsıcak="very hot"). One word can have many suffixes. Suffixes can be used to create new words (see #Vocabulary) or to indicate the grammatical function of a word. Turkish nouns can take endings indicating the person of a possessor. They can take case-endings, as in Latin. (The series of case-endings is the same for every noun, except for ...

See also:

Turkish language, Turkish language - Classification, Turkish language - Geographic distribution, Turkish language - Official status, Turkish language - Dialects, Turkish language - Sounds, Turkish language - Consonants, Turkish language - Vowels, Turkish language - Grammar, Turkish language - Vocabulary, Turkish language - Replaced old words, Turkish language - Writing system, Turkish language - The language in daily life

Read more here: » Turkish language: Encyclopedia II - Turkish language - Grammar