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future energy development | A Wisdom Archive on future energy development | | future energy development A selection of articles related to future energy development | |
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Future energy development
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO future energy development | | | |  future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear power phase-out - IntroductionInstalled nuclear capacity rose relatively quickly since the 1950s. Since the late 1980s capacity has risen much more slowly, reaching 366 GW in 2005, primarily due to Chinese expansion of nuclear power. Between around 1970 and 1990, more than 50 GW of capacity was under construction (peaking at over 150 GW in the late 70s and early 80s). More than two-thirds of all nuclear plants ordered after January 1970 were eventually cancelled.[1] In 1983 an unexpected fall in fossil fuel prices stopped most new construction of nuclear power ...
See also:Nuclear power phase-out, Nuclear power phase-out - Introduction, Nuclear power phase-out - Countries that have initiated a phase out or have discussed it, Nuclear power phase-out - Belgium, Nuclear power phase-out - Germany, Nuclear power phase-out - Italy, Nuclear power phase-out - The Netherlands, Nuclear power phase-out - Philippines, Nuclear power phase-out - Sweden, Nuclear power phase-out - Switzerland, Nuclear power phase-out - Other countries, Nuclear power phase-out - Europe including Russia, Nuclear power phase-out - Oceania, Nuclear power phase-out - Asia, Nuclear power phase-out - North America, Nuclear power phase-out - South America, Nuclear power phase-out - Africa, Nuclear power phase-out - Pros and cons of the phase-out, Nuclear power phase-out - Arguments for the phase-out, Nuclear power phase-out - Arguments against the phase-out, Nuclear power phase-out - Further readings Read more here: » Nuclear power phase-out: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear power phase-out - Introduction |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear energy policy - Discussion of nuclear energy (see also: Nuclear power and Nuclear power phase-out#Pros and cons of the phase-out)
Nuclear energy policy - Arguments against nuclear energy.
Anti-nuclear politicians state environmental concerns with nuclear power as arguments for a phase-out. A main concern against the use of nuclear power for energy production is primarily safety of the environment and people. Activists refer to nuclear accidents in the past that have released large amounts of radioactive contamination killing and hurting many people and rendering large amounts of land unusable ...
See also:Nuclear energy policy, Nuclear energy policy - International use of nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Africa, Nuclear energy policy - Asia, Nuclear energy policy - Oceania, Nuclear energy policy - Europe, Nuclear energy policy - North America, Nuclear energy policy - South America, Nuclear energy policy - Nuclear power phase-out, Nuclear energy policy - Discussion of nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Arguments against nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Arguments for nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Further Readings Read more here: » Nuclear energy policy: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear energy policy - Discussion of nuclear energy |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry As of 2006, Watts Bar 1, which came on-line in 1997, was the last U.S. commercial nuclear reactor to go on-line. This is often quoted as evidence of a successful worldwide campaign for nuclear power phase-out. However political resistance to nuclear power has only ever been successful in parts of Europe, in the Philippines, and in the United States. Even in the US and throughout Europe, investment in research and in the nuclear fuel cycle has continued, and some experts predict that electricity shortages, fossil fuel price increases and concern over greenhouse ...
See also:Nuclear reactor, Nuclear reactor - Applications, Nuclear reactor - History, Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry, Nuclear reactor - Method of operation, Nuclear reactor - Reactor design, Nuclear reactor - Safety, Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Current families of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Obsolescent types still in service, Nuclear reactor - Other types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Advanced reactors, Nuclear reactor - Generation IV reactors, Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactor - Fueling of nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Waste management, Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Related articles, Nuclear reactor - References and links Read more here: » Nuclear reactor: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear energy policy - Nuclear power phase-out A Nuclear power phase-out was introduced in Sweden (1980), in Italy (1987), in Belgium (1999), and in Germany (2000) and has been discussed in several other European countries. Austria, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain have enacted laws not to build new nuclear power stations.
One idea behind a nuclear phase-out is to force a shift to renewable energy, because of environmental concerns with electricity generation, socia ...
See also:Nuclear energy policy, Nuclear energy policy - International use of nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Africa, Nuclear energy policy - Asia, Nuclear energy policy - Oceania, Nuclear energy policy - Europe, Nuclear energy policy - North America, Nuclear energy policy - South America, Nuclear energy policy - Nuclear power phase-out, Nuclear energy policy - Discussion of nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Arguments against nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Arguments for nuclear energy, Nuclear energy policy - Further Readings Read more here: » Nuclear energy policy: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear energy policy - Nuclear power phase-out |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Names of the decade In contrast to the decades from 1920 to 1999, which are called "The Twenties", "The Nineties", and the like; the '00s have had no generally-accepted name. The term "The Two Thousands" is fairly common, but many still find its use awkward and incorrect for a number of reasons, notably the fact that formally, the "Two Thousands" will last for a thousand years and not just the ten years of the "00" decade.
It is occasionally termed, in historical contexts, the "turn of the millennium" or "turn of the century" (or "turn of the new ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Internet, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Names of the decade |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Renewable energy - Issues
Renewable energy - Aesthetics habitat hazards and land use.
Some people dislike the aesthetics of wind turbines or bring up nature conservation issues when it comes to large solar-electric installations outside of cities. Some people try to utilize these renewable technologies in an efficient and aesthetically pleasing way: fixed solar collectors can double as noise barriers along highways, roof-tops are available already and could even be replaced totally by solar collectors, amorphous photovoltaic cells can be u ...
See also:Renewable energy, Renewable energy - Modern sources of renewable energy, Renewable energy - Wind energy, Renewable energy - Water power, Renewable energy - Solar energy, Renewable energy - Geothermal energy, Renewable energy - Biomass, Renewable energy - Small scale energy sources, Renewable energy - Issues, Renewable energy - Aesthetics habitat hazards and land use, Renewable energy - Concentration, Renewable energy - Proximity to demand, Renewable energy - Availability, Renewable energy - Fossil fuels, Renewable energy - Transmission, Renewable energy - Historical usage of renewable energy Read more here: » Renewable energy: Encyclopedia II - Renewable energy - Issues |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Names of the decade In contrast to the decades from 1920 to 1999, which are called "The Twenties", "The Nineties", and the like; the 00s have had no generally-accepted name.
It is occasionally termed, in historical contexts, the "turn of the millennium" or "turn of the century" (or "turn of the new century," since the idea of 1900 being the "turn of the century" is still fresh in people's minds). This terminology would probably seem si ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Names of the decade |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Energy development - Future energy development Extrapolations from current knowledge to future energy development offer a choice of energy futures. Some predictions parallel the Malthusian catastrophe hypothesis. Numerous are complex models based scenarios as pioneered by Limits to Growth. Modelling approaches offer ways to analyse diverse strategies, and hopefully find a road to rapid and sustainable development of humanity. Short term energy crises are also a concern of energy development.
Existing technologies for new energy sources, such as new renewable energy technolo ...
See also:Energy development, Energy development - Dependence on external energy sources, Energy development - Limitations to energy development, Energy development - Energy sources, Energy development - Fossil Fuels, Energy development - Wind Power, Energy development - Biomass, Energy development - Hydrogen Fuel, Energy development - Tidal power, Energy development - Solar power, Energy development - Geothermal Energy, Energy development - Hydroelectric energy, Energy development - Nuclear Energy, Energy development - Energy transportation, Energy development - Energy storage, Energy development - Historic energy development schemes, Energy development - Future energy development Read more here: » Energy development: Encyclopedia II - Energy development - Future energy development |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - The decade as a whole The 2000s decade refers to the years from 2000 to 2009, inclusive. Informally, it can also include a few years at the end of the preceding decade or the beginning of the following decade.
So far, the 2000s has been marked generally with an escalation of the social issues and continuation of the pop culture of the 1990s which included the rise of terrorism, the rapid expansion of communications and telecommunications with cell phones and the Internet, international pop culture, and the rapid, exponenti ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - The decade as a whole |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Energy development - Dependence on external energy sources All biological life needs a supply of external energy. Most plants are capable of photosynthesis, some bacteria employ natural sources of chemical energy. Many other organisms thrive on energy passed along in food chains.
Beyond the biological needs of humanity, energy sources are used to enable advanced activities such as heating, cooking, transport, communication, warfare and social and leisure activities. This allows us, in general, to live under diverse climatic conditions, in great numbers and often in comfort. Level of dependence of human societies on external ener ...
See also:Energy development, Energy development - Dependence on external energy sources, Energy development - Limitations to energy development, Energy development - Energy sources, Energy development - Fossil Fuels, Energy development - Wind Power, Energy development - Biomass, Energy development - Hydrogen Fuel, Energy development - Tidal power, Energy development - Solar power, Energy development - Geothermal Energy, Energy development - Hydroelectric energy, Energy development - Nuclear Energy, Energy development - Energy transportation, Energy development - Energy storage, Energy development - Historic energy development schemes, Energy development - Future energy development Read more here: » Energy development: Encyclopedia II - Energy development - Dependence on external energy sources |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - People
2000s - World leaders.
President Hamid Karzai (Afghanistan)
President Néstor Kirchner (Argentina)
Prime Minister John Howard (Australia)
Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel (Austria)
Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt (Belgium)
President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil)
President Hugo Banzer Suarez (Bolivia)
President Jorge Quiroga Ramirez (Bolivia)
President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada Bolivia)
President Carlos Mesa Gisbert (Bolivia) ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - People |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Trends and Fashion
2000s - United States.
Fashion slowly becomes less grungy and more excessive as the wearing of flannel by people under 30 declines and acid-washed jeans and shaggy hair become again commonplace for boys and men. For girls and women hoop earrings, originally popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, return to style circa 2004.
Wearing baseball caps backwards peacefully falls out of style, in favor of wearing them sideways or forwards. Sunglasses begin to become less widespread as a fashion statement, un ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Trends and Fashion |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Music
2000s - United States and Canada.
Rap music, especially of the post-gangsta and crunk varieties, reaches new heights of popularity, surpassing even the early 1990s in presence and begins to overtake rock and roll as the music of the youth. Popular and definitive artists include Eminem, Jay Z, Nelly, 50 Cent, Ja Rule, DMX, OutKast, and Kanye West.
Nu metal, an offshoot of grunge and old school hip hop, popular early in the decade but dates itself by about 2003.
Pop-punk, pioneered by late 9 ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Music |
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| | | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - History Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd, while both were at the University of Chicago, were the first to build a nuclear pile and demonstrate a controlled chain reaction on December 2, 1942. In 1955 they shared US patent number 2,708,656 for the nuclear reactor.
The first nuclear reactors were used to generate plutonium for nuclear weapons. Additional reactors were used in the navy (see United States Naval reactor) to propel submarines and aircraft carriers. In the mid-1950s, both the Soviet Union and western countries were expanding their nuc ...
See also:Nuclear reactor, Nuclear reactor - Applications, Nuclear reactor - History, Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry, Nuclear reactor - Method of operation, Nuclear reactor - Reactor design, Nuclear reactor - Safety, Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Current families of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Obsolescent types still in service, Nuclear reactor - Other types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Advanced reactors, Nuclear reactor - Generation IV reactors, Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactor - Fueling of nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Waste management, Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Related articles, Nuclear reactor - References and links Read more here: » Nuclear reactor: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - History |
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| | | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade The 2000s are so far not a highly regarded decade by most people in the world as many find the 1990s to have been a much more prosperous time and look fondly upon earlier decades such as the 1960s and 1980s.
While not a criticism per se as many people still love the 1990s, some others look down on the decade for upholding so many tired 1990s fads, fashions, and music genres (see New Nineties). Quite interestly, many people who are fond of the 1990s dislike the 2000s because they perceive them as similar to the 1980s for various reasons, mostly relating to politics but also to t ...
See also:2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors A natural nuclear fission reactor can occur under certain circumstances that mimic the conditions in a constructed reactor. The only known natural nuclear reactor formed 2 billion years ago in Oklo, Gabon, Africa. [20] Such reactors can no longer form on Earth: radioactive decay over this immense time span has reduced the proportion of U-235 in naturally occurring uranium to below the amount required to sustain a chain reaction.
The natural nuclear reactors formed when a uranium-rich mineral deposit became inundated with groundwater t ...
See also:Nuclear reactor, Nuclear reactor - Applications, Nuclear reactor - History, Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry, Nuclear reactor - Method of operation, Nuclear reactor - Reactor design, Nuclear reactor - Safety, Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Current families of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Obsolescent types still in service, Nuclear reactor - Other types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Advanced reactors, Nuclear reactor - Generation IV reactors, Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactor - Fueling of nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Waste management, Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Related articles, Nuclear reactor - References and links Read more here: » Nuclear reactor: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle Main article: nuclear fuel cycle
Thermal reactors generally depend on refined and enriched uranium. Some nuclear reactors can operate with a mixture of plutonium and uranium (see MOX). The process by which uranium ore is mined, processed, enriched, used, possibly reprocessed and disposed of is known as the nuclear fuel cycle.
Uranium is sampled and mined as other metals are, via open-pit mining or leach mining. Raw uranium ore found in the United States ranges from 0.05% to 0.3% uranium oxide. Uranium ore is not rare; th ...
See also:Nuclear reactor, Nuclear reactor - Applications, Nuclear reactor - History, Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry, Nuclear reactor - Method of operation, Nuclear reactor - Reactor design, Nuclear reactor - Safety, Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Current families of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Obsolescent types still in service, Nuclear reactor - Other types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Advanced reactors, Nuclear reactor - Generation IV reactors, Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactor - Fueling of nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Waste management, Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Related articles, Nuclear reactor - References and links Read more here: » Nuclear reactor: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry Some experts predict that electricity shortages, fossil fuel price increases and concern over Greenhouse gas emissions will renew the demand for nuclear power plants. Watts Bar 1, which came on-line in 1997, was the last U.S. commercial nuclear reactor to go on-line.
As of 2004, the immediate future of the industry in many countries still appeared uncertain, the most notable exceptions being Japan, China and India, all actively developing both fast and thermal technology, South Korea and the United States, developing thermal technolog ...
See also:Nuclear reactor, Nuclear reactor - Applications, Nuclear reactor - History, Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry, Nuclear reactor - Method of operation, Nuclear reactor - Reactor design, Nuclear reactor - Safety, Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Current families of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Obsolescent types still in service, Nuclear reactor - Other types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Advanced reactors, Nuclear reactor - Generation IV reactors, Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactor - Fueling of nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Waste management, Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Related articles, Nuclear reactor - References and links Read more here: » Nuclear reactor: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry |
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| | | | | future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors A number of reactor technologies have been developed. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that are used to sustain the fission chain reaction.
Thermal (slow) reactors use slow or thermal neutrons. These are characterised by having moderating materials which are intended to slow the neutrons until they approach the average kinetic energy of the surrounding particles, that is, until they are thermalised. Thermal neutrons have a far higher probability of fi ...
See also:Nuclear reactor, Nuclear reactor - Applications, Nuclear reactor - History, Nuclear reactor - The future of the industry, Nuclear reactor - Method of operation, Nuclear reactor - Reactor design, Nuclear reactor - Safety, Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Current families of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Obsolescent types still in service, Nuclear reactor - Other types of reactors, Nuclear reactor - Advanced reactors, Nuclear reactor - Generation IV reactors, Nuclear reactor - Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactor - Fueling of nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Waste management, Nuclear reactor - Natural nuclear reactors, Nuclear reactor - Related articles, Nuclear reactor - References and links Read more here: » Nuclear reactor: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reactor - Types of reactors |
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