Funnelbeaker culture

The earliest modern humans, or Homo sapiens sapiens - as opposed to Neanderthals - to enter Europe did so perhaps around 50,000 years ago, during a long period of particularly mild climate, when Europe was relatively warm, and food was plentiful. Some of the oldest works of art in the world, such as the cave paintings at Lascaux in southern France, are dated to shortly after this migration. The Neanderthals, the earliest Homo sapiens to occupy Europe, are thought to have already been there for about 150,000 years. The Neanderth ...

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Neolithic Europe, Neolithic Europe - Origins, Neolithic Europe - Old Europe, Neolithic Europe - Pre-Indo-European peoples, Neolithic Europe - Neolithic languages, Neolithic Europe - Competing theories, Neolithic Europe - List of cultures

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The inclusion of animals into the grave indicate an intrusive cultural element, that is, probably a new people. The practice of suttee is a highly intrusive cultural element. The supporters of Marija Gimbutas and her Kurgan hypothesis point to these distinctive burial practices and state this represents the second-wave migration of Indo-Europeans. Speculatively, it allows one to put the earliest Germans and earliest Balto-Slavs in close proximity to interchange some lexical items, before the Germans cross the Baltic Sea into Sweden. A ...

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Globular Amphora culture, Globular Amphora culture - Extent, Globular Amphora culture - Economy, Globular Amphora culture - Burials, Globular Amphora culture - Interpretation, Globular Amphora culture - Sources

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Given the unusual form and fabric of Beaker pottery, and its abrupt appearance in the archaeological record, the traditional explanation for the Beaker culture has been to interpret it as a diffusion of one group of people across Europe. During the early twentieth century, Beaker pottery was seen as one element of a people who, through repeated waves of invasion, brought with them metal-working, crouched burials and round barrows, replacing an earlier Neolithic race of Europeans. Vere Gordon Childe wrote of the Beaker culture as: See also:

Beaker culture, Beaker culture - Extent, Beaker culture - Pottery, Beaker culture - Origin, Beaker culture - Interpretation, Beaker culture - Sources

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Rügen was first populated about 4000 BC. The migrants were probably members of the Funnelbeaker culture, which exploited the island's flint deposits. It was later settled by migrants from Scandinavia, a Germanic tribe called Rugians who gave their name to the island. In the 7th century Slavic peoples came and settled there. They were called the Rojane. Many traces of their life can be found today. Rügen became a Slavic principality with the political and religious centre in the fortified temple of Świętowit at Cape Arkona, ...

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Rügen, Rügen - Geography, Rügen - History

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The newcomers merged with the original inhabitants to create three peoples in the Low Countries: the Frisians along the coast, the Saxons in the east and the Franks in the south. The Franks became Christians after their king Clovis I converted in 496. Christianity was introduced in the north after the conquest of Friesland by the Franks. Anglo-Saxon missionaries such as Willibrord, Wulfram and Boniface were active in converting these tribes to Christianity. Boniface was martyred by the Frisians in Dokkum (754). The Saxons in the east were conv ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

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Most of what is now the Netherlands and Belgium was eventually united by the Duke of Burgundy in 1433. Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town where they lived, their local duchy or county or as subjects of the Holy Roman Empire. The Burgundian period is when the Dutch began the road to nationhood. The conquest of the county of Holland by the Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy was an odd affair. Leading noblemen in Holland in fact invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical clai ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

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After the Napoleonic era the Netherlands were put back on the map of Europe. The country had always been part of the precarious balance of power that had kept France in check. Particularly the Russian tsar wanted the Netherlands to resume this role and wanted the colonies to be returned. A compromise was struck with Britain at the Congress of Vienna, whereby only Indonesia was returned, but the North and South of the Netherlands reunited. In 1815 the country became a monarchy, with the son of the last stadtholder, William V, the Prince of Or ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Monarchy

Västergötland - Tongue. In Västergötland the Götaland dialect of Swedish is spoken. The dialect has several varieties like the ones spoken in Gothenburg and Sjuhärad, but the main dialectal variety is the Western Götaland dialect, Västgötska. The dialect was first dealt with as early as 1772, by S. Hofs in his Dialectus vestrogothica, which was a vocabulary with a grammar introduction. [1] ...

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Västergötland, Västergötland - Counties, Västergötland - Population, Västergötland - Geography, Västergötland - Cities, Västergötland - History, Västergötland - Prehistory and middle ages, Västergötland - 16th century and after, Västergötland - Heraldry, Västergötland - Dukes of Västergötland, Västergötland - Culture, Västergötland - Tongue, Västergötland - Sights, Västergötland - Hundreds, Västergötland - Notes

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In all regions, the economy was based on fishing and the hunt of land animals and seals, as well as gathering of plants. The culture is most easily accounted for as deriving from the mesolithic Nøstvet and Lihult cultures that received additional population and skills from the Funnelbeaker culture, but less of its economy. The two cultures appear to have coexisted with few conflicts. However, Svealand and East Götaland had initially a Funnel Beaker population, but it was later replaced by the Pitte ...

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Pitted Ware culture, Pitted Ware culture - Objects, Pitted Ware culture - Economy and ethnicity, Pitted Ware culture - Graves, Pitted Ware culture - Language, Pitted Ware culture - Bibliography

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Although its army mobilised when World War I broke out in August 1914, the Netherlands remained a neutral country. The German invasion of Belgium that same year led to a large flow of refugees from that country (about 1 million). The country being surrounded by states at war, and with the North Sea unsafe for civilian ships to sail on, food became scarce and was distributed using coupons. With the end of the war in 1918, the situation returned to normalcy. Although both houses of the Dutch parliament were elected by the people, only m ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

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After Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, he conquered Belgium and The Netherlands around the year 58 BC, which made it the northern border of the European mainland. They built the first cities and created the Roman province of Germania Inferior. For most of the area of Roman occupation in the Netherlands, the boundary of the Roman Empire lay along the Rhine. Romans built the first military forts and cities in the Netherlands. The most important of these were Utrecht, Nijmegen, and Maastricht. The northern part of the Netherlands, which was outsid ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Roman era

Against this background it is less surprising that, after the French Revolution, when Napoleon invaded and occupied the Netherlands in 1795, the French encountered so little united resistance. William V of Orange fled to England. The Patriots proclaimed the short-lived Batavian Republic, but government was soon returned to stabler and more experienced hands. In 1806 Napoleon restyled the Netherlands (along with a small part of what is now Germany) into the Kingdom of Holland, with his brother Louis (Lodewijk) Bonaparte as king. This too was ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule

Västergötland - Tongue. In Västergötland the Götaland dialect of Swedish is spoken. The dialect has several varieties like the ones spoken in Gothenburg and Sjuhärad, but the main dialectal variety is the Western Götaland dialect, Västgötska. The dialect was first delt with as early as 1772, by S. Hofs in his Dialectus vestrogothica, which was a vocabulary with a grammar introduction. [1] ...

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Västergötland, Västergötland - Counties, Västergötland - Population, Västergötland - Geography, Västergötland - Cities, Västergötland - History, Västergötland - Prehistory and middle ages, Västergötland - 16th century and after, Västergötland - Heraldry, Västergötland - Dukes of Västergötland, Västergötland - Culture, Västergötland - Tongue, Västergötland - Sights, Västergötland - Hundreds, Västergötland - Notes

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Archeologists believe that food-producing societies first emerged in the Levantine region of southwest Asia in the early Holocene, and developed into a number of regionally distinctive cultures by the 8th millennium BCE. Remains of food producing societies in Greece have been carbon-dated to around 6500 BCE at Knossos, Franchthi Cave, and a number of sites in Thessaly. Neolithic groups appear soon afterwards in the Balkans and south-central Europe. The Neolithic cultures of southeastern Europe (the Balkans, Italy, and the Aegean) show some c ...

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Neolithic Europe, Neolithic Europe - Origins, Neolithic Europe - Old Europe, Neolithic Europe - Pre-Indo-European peoples, Neolithic Europe - Neolithic languages, Neolithic Europe - Competing theories, Neolithic Europe - List of cultures

Read more here: » Neolithic Europe: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic Europe - Origins

Many of Hawkins's purported non-etymologies are controversial. One obvious way to refute the Germanic substrate hypothesis is to find Indo-European etymologies for the words on Hawkins's list. This process continues, but several cited as examples by Hawkins can likely be stricken. For example, it is generally agreed that helmet represents IE *kel-, a concealing covering. East relates to IE *aus-os-, "dawn." Some of the words may have Indo-European derivations that are simply not well preserved in other Indo-Europe ...

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Germanic substrate hypothesis, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Distinct language group, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Hybridization as conjectured cause, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Non-Indo-European influence, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Words derived from non-Indo-European languages, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Controversy, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Notes

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The Germanic substrate hypothesis attempts to explain these features as a result of creolization with a non-Indo-European language. Writing an introductory article to the Germanic languages in The Major Languages of Western Europe, Germanicist John A. Hawkins sets forth the arguments for a Germanic substrate. Hawkins argues that the proto-Germans encountered a non-Indo-European speaking people and borrowed many features from their language. He hypothesizes that the first sound shift of Grimm's Law was the result of non-native speakers ...

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Germanic substrate hypothesis, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Distinct language group, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Hybridization as conjectured cause, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Non-Indo-European influence, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Words derived from non-Indo-European languages, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Controversy, Germanic substrate hypothesis - Notes

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The Beaker culture apparently derives from early Corded Ware culture elements, with the Netherlands/Rhineland region as probably the most widely accepted site of origin, (J. P. Mallory,EIEC p. 53). It is often suggested as a candidate for an early Indo-European culture. In contrast to this, Marija Gimbutas derived the Beakers from east central European cultures that became "Kurganized" by incursions of steppe tribes. Despite this, an eastern origin is not often sought, eve ...

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Beaker culture, Beaker culture - Extent, Beaker culture - Pottery, Beaker culture - Origin, Beaker culture - Interpretation, Beaker culture - Sources

Read more here: » Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Beaker culture - Origin

The Netherlands have been inhabited since the last ice age; the oldest remnants that have been found are a hundred thousand years old. During the last ice age, the Netherlands had a tundra climate with very scarce vegetation. The first inhabitants were hunter-gatherers that lived during the last ice age. After the end of the ice age, the area was inhabited by various palaeolithic groups. One group even made canoes (Pesse, around 9000 BC) and after that, around 8000 ...

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History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era

How many Neolithic languages existed is not known, nor whether the ancient names of peoples believed, in ancient times or now, to have descended from the pre-ancient population referred to speakers of distinct languages. Marija Gimbutas, observing a unity of symbols marked especially on pots, but also on other objects, concluded to a possible single language (The Language of the Goddess, 1989) spoken in Old Europe. She thought that decipherment ...

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Neolithic Europe, Neolithic Europe - Origins, Neolithic Europe - Old Europe, Neolithic Europe - Pre-Indo-European peoples, Neolithic Europe - Neolithic languages, Neolithic Europe - Competing theories, Neolithic Europe - List of cultures

Read more here: » Neolithic Europe: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic Europe - Neolithic languages

The pile dwelling was only inhabited during certain summer months. It was the tribe's or the clan's social centre where they gathered for festivities, especially after the summer's hunting and harvesting season. There are ca 100 hearths of limestone evenly distributed across the dwelling, which shows that there were no permanent houses, only huts supported by the many hazel stilts. Around the hearths, there is an abundance of residue from meals, charred wheat and barley, split and charred crabapples, hazel nut shells, bone of cattle, sheep a ...

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Alvastra pile-dwelling, Alvastra pile-dwelling - Construction, Alvastra pile-dwelling - Early use as a cult centre, Alvastra pile-dwelling - Late use as a grave, Alvastra pile-dwelling - External link

Read more here: » Alvastra pile-dwelling: Encyclopedia II - Alvastra pile-dwelling - Early use as a cult centre

Few details of these cultures are widely agreed upon, and even the date of the Indo-European arrival in Old Europe is questioned, whether in a Late Neolithic or a Bronze Age context. One major reappraisal of the evidence by the archaeologist Colin Renfrew proposes that the Indo-European 'invasion' is instead linked to the relatively rapid spread of farming from Anatolia into Europe from about 6500 BC, an idea he has ...

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Neolithic Europe, Neolithic Europe - Origins, Neolithic Europe - Old Europe, Neolithic Europe - Pre-Indo-European peoples, Neolithic Europe - Neolithic languages, Neolithic Europe - Competing theories, Neolithic Europe - List of cultures

Read more here: » Neolithic Europe: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic Europe - Competing theories