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ARTICLES RELATED TO Funj | |
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| | |  Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The ArabsContacts between Nubians and Arabs long predated the coming of Islam, but the arabization of the Nile Valley was a gradual process that occurred over a period of nearly 1,000 years. Arab nomads continually wandered into the region in search of fresh pasturage, and Arab seafarers and merchants traded in Red Sea ports for spices and slaves. Intermarriage and assimilation also facilitated arabization. After the initial attempts at military conquest failed, the Arab commander in Egypt, Abd Allah ibn Saad, concluded the first in a series of regul ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - 19th Century
History of Sudan - The Turkiyah.
Main article: History of Sudan (1821-1885)
In 1820–21, an Egyptian-Ottoman force conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. The new government was known as the Turkiyah or Turkish regime. They were looking to open new markets and sources of natural resources. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of ...
See also:History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - 19th Century |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - Darfur - History The Darfur region is mostly semi-arid plains that cannot support a dense population. The one exception is the area in and around the Jebal Marra mountains. It was from bases in these mountains that a series of groups expanded to control the region.
Darfur - Kingdoms of Darfur.
The Daju, inhabitants of Jebel Marra, appear to have been the dominant group in Darfur in the earliest period recorded. How long they ruled is uncertain, little being known of them save a list of kings. According to tradition the Daj ...
See also:Darfur, Darfur - Geography, Darfur - Economy and demography, Darfur - Languages, Darfur - History, Darfur - Kingdoms of Darfur, Darfur - Egyptian rule, Darfur - British rule and independence, Darfur - The present Darfur crisis Read more here: » Darfur: Encyclopedia II - Darfur - History |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia Until the thirteenth century, the Nubian kingdoms proved their resilience in maintaining political independence and their commitment to Christianity. In the early eighth century and again in the tenth century, Nubian kings led armies into Egypt to force the release of the imprisoned Coptic patriarch and to relieve fellow Christians suffering persecution under Muslim rulers. In 1276, however, the Mamluks intervened in a dynastic dispute, ousted Makuria's reigning monarch and delivered the crown and silver cross that ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif For several centuries Arab caliphs had governed Egypt through the Mamluks. In the thirteenth century, the Mamluks seized control of the state and created a sultanate that ruled Egypt until the early sixteenth century. Although they repeatedly launched military expeditions that weakened Makuria, the Mamluks did not directly rule Nubia. In 1517 the Turks conquered Egypt and incorporated the country into the Ottoman Empire as a pashalik (province).
Ottoman forces pursued fleeing Mamluks into Nubia, which had been claimed as a depe ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur Darfur was the Fur homeland. Renowned as cavalrymen, Fur clans frequently allied with or opposed their kin, the Kanuri of Borno, in modern Nigeria. After a period of disorder in the sixteenth century, during which the region was briefly subject to theBornu Empire, the leader of the Keira clan, Sulayman Solong (1596-1637), supplanted a rival clan and became Darfur's first sultan. Sulayman Solong decreed Islam to be the sultanate's official religion. However, large-scale religious conversions did not occur until the reign of Ahmad Bakr (1682-1 ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - Darfur - Economy and demography Darfur's has an estimated population of 6 million people. Darfur's economy is primarily based on subsistence agriculture, producing cereals, fruit and tobacco as well as livestock in the drier north. The main ethnic groups are the Fur (after whom the region is named), speaking a Nilo-Saharan language, and the Arab Baggara. Others include the non-Arab Zaghawa, Masalit, and Midob. The Baggara are divided into several tribes. Some of them, such as the Misseiria, speak languages other than Arabic natively. Many of these ethnic groups also have significant populations in neighb ...
See also:Darfur, Darfur - Geography, Darfur - Economy and demography, Darfur - Languages, Darfur - History, Darfur - Kingdoms of Darfur, Darfur - Egyptian rule, Darfur - British rule and independence, Darfur - The present Darfur crisis Read more here: » Darfur: Encyclopedia II - Darfur - Economy and demography |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj At the same time that the Ottomans brought northern Nubia into their orbit, a new power, the Funj, had risen in southern Nubia and had supplanted the remnants of the old Christian kingdom of Alwa. In 1504 a Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founded the Kingdom of Sennar. This Sultanate eventually became the keystone of the Funj Empire. By the mid-sixteenth century, Sennar controlled Al Jazirah and commanded the allegiance of vassal states and tribal districts north to the third cataract and south to the rainforests.
The Funj state included a ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam The spread of Islam began shortly after the Prophet Muhammad's death in 632. By that time, he and his followers had converted most of Arabia's tribes and towns to Islam, which Muslims maintained united the individual believer, the state, and society under God's will. Islamic rulers, therefore, exercised temporal and religious authority. Islamic law (sharia), which was derived primarily from the Quran, encompassed all aspects of ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Early history During the ancient period, the area that today is northern Sudan was known as Nubia. Egyptians and people of the Mediterranean world also referred to it as Ethiopia (see History of Ethiopia). The area of the Nile valley that lies within present day Sudan was home to three Kushite kingdoms during antiquity: the first with its capital at Kerma (2400 – 1500 BCE), another that centered on Napata (1000 – 300 BCE) and, finally, that of Meroë (300 BCE – 300 CE).
Each of these kingdoms was strongly culturally, economically, politically ...
See also:History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Early history |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War In February 1953, the United Kingdom and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination. The transitional period toward independence began with the inauguration of the first parliament in 1954. With the consent of the British and Egyptian Governments, Sudan achieved independence on 1 January 1956, under a provisional constitution. The United States was among the first foreign powers to recognize the new state. However, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a ...
See also:History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era Dissatisfaction culminated in a second military coup on 25 May 1969. The coup leader, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, became prime minister, and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties.
Disputes between Marxist and non-Marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in a briefly successful coup in July 1971, led by the Sudanese Communist Party. Several days later, anti-communist military elements restored Nimeiry to power.
In 1972, the Addis Ab ...
See also:History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Second Civil War In 1983 the civil war was reignited following the government's Islamicization policy which would have instituted Islamic law, among other things. After several years of fighting, the government compromised with southern groups.
Main article: History of Sudan (Transitional Military Council)
On April 6, 1985, a group of military officers, led by Lieutenant General Abd ar Rahman Siwar adh Dhahab, overthrew Nimeiri, who took refuge in Egy ...
See also:History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - Second Civil War |
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| | | | Funj: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - The coming of Islam Islam came to Egypt in the 640s, and pressed southward; around 651 the governor of Egypt raided as far south as Dongola. The Egyptians met with stiff resistance and found little wealth worth capturing. They thus ceased their offensive and a treaty known as the baqt was signed between the Arabs and Makuria. This treaty held for some seven hundred years. The area between the Nile and the Red Sea was a source of gold and emeralds, and Arab miners gradually moved in. Around the 970s an Egyptian envoy Ibn Sulaym went to Dongola and wrote an accou ...
See also:History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War Read more here: » History of Sudan: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan - The coming of Islam |
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