Apple scab is a disease of apple trees (genus Malus) caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis. The disease manifests as dull black or grey-brown lesions on the surface of tree leaves, buds or fruits. Lesions may also appear less frequently on the woody tissues of the tree. Fruits and the undersides of leaves are especially susceptible. The disease rarely kills its host, but can significantly reduce fruit yields and fruit quality. Affected fruits are less marketable ...

Including:

• Apple scab - Life cycle
• Apple scab - Control

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Candida albicans, a diploid sexual fungus (a form of yeast) is the causal agent of opportunistic infections in humans, the most common being oral and vaginal infections. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients (e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone marrow transplantation). In addition, hospital-related infections in patients not previously considered at risk (e.g. patients on an intensive ...

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Carotenoids are organic pigments that are naturally occurring in plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some types of fungus and some bacteria. There are over 600 known carotenoids; they are split into two classes, xanthophylls and carotenes. Carotenoid - Properties. Carotenoids are characterized by a large (35-40 carbon atoms) polyene chain, sometimes terminated by rings. Carotenoids where some of the double bonds have been oxidized such as lutein and zeaxanthin, are known as xanthop ...

Including:

• Carotenoid - Properties
• Carotenoid - Physiological effects
• Carotenoid - Aroma chemicals

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Ciclosporin Cyclosporine, Ciclosporin (INN), or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. It is widely used post-allogenic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. It has been studied in transplants of skin, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, bone marrow and small intestine. Cyclosporine is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of 11 amino acids (an undecapeptide) produced by the fungus Hypocladium inflatum gams, initially iso ...

Including:

• Cyclosporine - Naming
• Cyclosporine - Commercialisation
• Cyclosporine - Uses
• Cyclosporine - Mode of action
• Cyclosporine - Side-effects and interactions
• Cyclosporine - External link
• Cyclosporine - Notes

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Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) is a chronic dermatological disease of cold water salmonid fish that had a severe impact on north Atlantic Salmon and sea trout stocks in the 1970s and 1980. Affected fish developed severe skin lesions over large parts of their body which penetrated into skeletal muscle. The onset of symptoms only occurred after migration into freshwater. Lesions became quickly infected with overgrowths of saprolegnia fungus giving the affected fish an appearance of being covered in slimy white pustules. The mos

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Cucujiformia is an infraorder of Polyphagan beetles, representing the vast majority of plant eating beetles. The infraorder contains six superfamilies: Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles) Cleroidea (checkered beetles, bark-gnawing beetles and soft winged flower beetles) Cucujoidea (31 families that includes ladybirds, fungus beetles and bark beetles) Tenebrionoidea (also Heteromera) (30 families including blister beetles and ant-like beetles) Chrysomeloidea (4 families including Lo

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C. cibarius C. cinereus C. cinnabarinus C. craterellus C. formosus C. lateritius C. lutescens C. minor C. pallens C. persicinus C. subalbidus C. tabernensis C. tubaeformis C. xanthopus Cantharellus is a genus with many delicious and popular edible mushrooms. It is a mycorrhizal edible fungus, meaning it forms symbiotic associations with plants, mak ...

Including:

• Cantharellus - Synonyms and common names
• Cantharellus - Species
• Cantharellus - Use in food
• Cantharellus - Preparation and storage
• Cantharellus - Notes
• Cantharellus - Similar species

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An ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is an open sore of the skin, eyes or mucous membrane, often caused by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation and/or an infection. Ulcer - Description. Ulcers are non-healing wounds that develop on the skin, mucous membranes or eye. Although they have many causes, they are marked by: Loss of integrity of the area Secondary infection of the site by bacteria, fungus or virus Generalized weakness of the patient A ...

Including:

• Ulcer - Description
• Ulcer - Skin ulcers
• Ulcer - Merck Manual classification
• Ulcer - National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel NPUAP
• Ulcer - Wagner's classification
• Ulcer - Other locations
• Ulcer - Pathology of ulceration

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Brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) is a fungal condition that attacks stone fruit, commonly affecting peaches, pears, apples and plums. The fruit develops small brown squishy circles, which gradually spread over the surface of the fruit. Once the fruit is entirely infected, it shrivels up and develops a fuzzy coating of fungus. Brown rot can also infect the flowers, leaves and stems of the tree, causing serious damage. Young fruit is not usually susceptible to brown rot unless it is damaged in some way, giving the s ...

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Earwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays a vital role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides a degree of protection from bacteria, fungus, and insects. A comprehensive review of the physiology and pathophysiology of cerumen can be found in Roeser and Ballachanda (1997). Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair he ...

Including:

• Earwax - Production
• Earwax - Function
• Earwax - Removal

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Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic to animals, including humans. After entering the body, aflatoxins are metabolized by the liver to an intermediate reactive, aflatoxin M1, an epoxide. Aflatoxin - Contamination Conditions. Aspergillus is common and widespread in nature and are most often found when cro ...

Including:

• Aflatoxin - Contamination Conditions
• Aflatoxin - Pathology
• Aflatoxin - Detection of Aflatoxin in Humans
• Aflatoxin - Major types of Aflatoxins and its metabolite
• Aflatoxin - Interaction of Aflatoxin with Hepatitis B Virus

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The Latin word phallus (from the Greek phallos) and its derived adjective phallic, adopted in English and in many modern languages, refers to the penis. Any object that visually resembles a penis or acts as a symbol for it may also be referred to as a "phallus"; however, such objects are more correctly referred to as being "phallic". Such symbols often represent the fertility and cultural implications that are associated with the male sexual organ. The word may also refer to a type of fungus ...

Including:

• Phallus - In physical anatomy
• Phallus - In art
• Phallus - Phallic symbols in religion
• Phallus - Shaivism
• Phallus - Ancient Greece
• Phallus - Ancient Scandinavia
• Phallus - Ancient Rome
• Phallus - In psychoanalysis
• Phallus - Sociopolitical usages
• Phallus - Objects considered to be phallic symbols

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Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme and isolated the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum, for which he shared a Nobel Prize. Alexander Fleming - Birth and education. Fleming was born on a farm at Lochfield near Darvel in East Ayrshire, Scotland and was schooled for two years at the Academy in Kilmarnock. He later attended St Mary's Hospital medical school in London until World War I broke out. He and ma ...

Including:

• Alexander Fleming - Birth and education
• Alexander Fleming - Lysozyme
• Alexander Fleming - Penicillin
• Alexander Fleming - Rediscovery
• Alexander Fleming - Accolades
• Alexander Fleming - Death
• Alexander Fleming - External Link

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Originally classified as plants, fungi are not true plants because they are heterotrophs (they do not fix their own carbon through photosynthesis but use the carbon fixed by other organisms.) Fungi are more closely related to animals, than to plants but unlike animals they absorb their food rather than ingest it and their cells have cell walls surrounding them. For these reasons, these organisms are now placed in their own kingdom, Fungi. The Fungi are a monophyletic group, meaning all varieties of fungi come from a common ancestor. M ...

See also:

Fungus, Fungus - Phylogeny of fungi, Fungus - Overview, Fungus - Types of Fungi, Fungus - Structure, Fungus - Reproduction, Fungus - Edible and poisonous fungi

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Honey fungus can be prevented by removing tree stumps or other dead woody material such as roots from the soil, for example by mechanical stump-grinding. Killing stumps chemically is often not sufficient. Healthy growth of woody plants in the garden should be encouraged by correcting any drainage problems and adequate feeding and mulching. There is often concern that honey fungus can live on woody mulches, especially when the rhizomorphs are seen under the mulch. It is in fact quite sa ...

See also:

Honey fungus, Honey fungus - Honey mushrooms, Honey fungus - Honey fungus as a plant disease white rot root disease, Honey fungus - Preventing infections

Read more here: » Honey fungus: Encyclopedia II - Honey fungus - Preventing infections

The fruiting bodies of the fungus are mushrooms that grow on wood, typically in centipose clusters. The cap is 3-15 cm in diameter, typically has a honey yellow-brown color, and is covered with small dark scales. The stem may or may not have a ring. All Armillaria sp. have a white spore print and none have a volv a (see Amanita). Honey mushrooms are edible and are easy to identify. Grossly similar species include Pholiota sp. which also grow in centipose clusters on wood and fruit in the fall. However Pholiota sp. have a yellowish to ...

See also:

Honey fungus, Honey fungus - Honey mushrooms, Honey fungus - Honey fungus as a plant disease white rot root disease, Honey fungus - Preventing infections

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Honey fungus is a potentially fatal pathogenic organism that affects trees, shrubs, woody climbers and, rarely, woody herbaceous perennials. Honey fungus grows on living trees as well as on dead and decaying woody material. Honey fungus spreads both from living trees, dead and live roots and stumps by means of reddish-brown to black root-like rhizomorphs ('bootlaces') at the rate of around 1 m a year, although infection by root contact is also possible. Infection by spores is rare. Rhizomorphs grow relatively close to the soil surface ...

See also:

Honey fungus, Honey fungus - Honey mushrooms, Honey fungus - Honey fungus as a plant disease white rot root disease, Honey fungus - Preventing infections

Read more here: » Honey fungus: Encyclopedia II - Honey fungus - Honey fungus as a plant disease white rot root disease

An ergot kernel called a sclerotium develops when a floret of flowering grass or cereal is infected by a spore of Claviceps fungus. The infection process mimicks a pollen grain growing into an ovary during fertilization. The fungus then destroys the plant ovary and attaches itself to a vascular bundle originally intended for seed nutrition. The first stage of ergot infection manifests itself as a white soft tissue (known as sphacelia) producing sugary honeydew, which often drops out of the grass florets. This honeydew contains ...

See also:

Ergot, Ergot - Life cycle of the fungus, Ergot - Effects on humans and animals, Ergot - History

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Pollutants are causing frog deformities such as multiple limbs, stunted growth or misplaced eyes. Researcher and naturalist Gary Fellers has been tracking the deformation and decline of the frog population in Yosemite National Park in California. He attributed these occurrences directly to "pesticides wafting over the Sierra Nevada mountains from...farms in California's Central Valley". ("What's Killing the Frogs?” Newsweek May 13, 2003, pg 46). Pollutants have varying effects on frogs. Some alter the central nervous system; others like atrazine cause a disruption in the production and se ...

See also:

Decline in frog populations, Decline in frog populations - Pollution, Decline in frog populations - Climate change, Decline in frog populations - Parasites, Decline in frog populations - Chytrid fungus, Decline in frog populations - Exotic species

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Atta sexdens - Colony architecture. A. sexdens colonies are primarily subterranean with a mound of excavated material on the surface. The diameter of the colony may reach 10 meters with a depth of 6 meters. The colonies contain up to 2000 chambers with a combined volume of more than 20 cubic meters. There are two basic types of chambers: Fungus farms and waste chambers. The farms contain the fungal culture which sustains the colony and also larvae and pupae. The waste chambers are located at the rim of the colony and are significantly larger. They are used to dispose used fungal culture and dead ants. A ...

See also:

Atta sexdens, Atta sexdens - Description, Atta sexdens - Colony architecture, Atta sexdens - Anatomy, Atta sexdens - Development, Atta sexdens - Behavior, Atta sexdens - Foraging, Atta sexdens - Fungus cultivation, Atta sexdens - Cleaning, Atta sexdens - Reproduction, Atta sexdens - Significance, Atta sexdens - Ecological impact, Atta sexdens - Economic impact, Atta sexdens - Human-Atta comparisons

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Ergot contains alkaloids of the ergoline group, which have a wide range of activities including effects on circulation and neurotransmission. Ergotism is the name for the collection of symptoms a human or animal has when it has ingested (too much of) this fungus. Ergotism went also under the name "St. Anthony's fire" hinting at burning sensations in the limbs[3]. Another effect of ergot alkaloids is vasoconstriction, therefore ergotism may lead to gangrene and loss of the limbs due to limited blood circulation. This may also cause insanity, ...

See also:

Ergot, Ergot - Life cycle of the fungus, Ergot - Effects on humans and animals, Ergot - History

Read more here: » Ergot: Encyclopedia II - Ergot - Effects on humans and animals