Encyclopedia - Friedrich Kasiski: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Kasiski - Military Service
Kasiski enlisted in East Prussia's 33rd Infantry Regiment on 20 March 1823 at the age of 17. In May 1824, he was promoted to the rank of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Babbage: Encyclopedia - Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage (December 26, 1791 – October 18, 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and (p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Cryptographers: Encyclopedia - List Of Cryptographers
Cryptography List of cryptographers - Pre-computer. Charles Babbage, UK, 19th century mathematician who, about the time of the Crimean...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher
The Vigenère cipher is a method of encryption that uses a series of different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword. It is a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Babbage: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Babbage - Life
Charles Babbage was born in England most likely at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. There is quite a discrepancy over the date of Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substitution Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Cipher - Simple Substitution
Substitution over a single letter—simple substitution—can be demonstrated by writing out the alphabet in some order to represent the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - Cryptanalysis
The strength behind the Vigenère cipher is, like all polyalphabetic ciphers, to make frequency analysis more difficult. Frequency analys...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Books On Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - Books On Cryptography - Early History
An early example of a book about cryptography was a Roman work, now lost and known only by references. Many of the early works on cryptog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotor Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotor Machine - History
Rotor machine - Invention. The concept of a rotor machine occurred to a number of inventors independently at a similar time. In 2003, i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Babbage: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Babbage - Design Of Computers
In recognition of the high error rate in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a method by which they could be c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Cryptography - Modern Cryptography
History of cryptography - Shannon. The era of modern cryptography really begins with Claude Shannon, arguably the father of mathematica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - Cryptanalysis
The strength behind the Vigenère cipher is, like all polyalphabetic ciphers, to make frequency analysis more difficult. Frequency analys...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotor Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotor Machine - Mechanization
It is relatively straightforward to create a machine for performing simple substitution. We can consider an electrical system with 26 swi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotor Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotor Machine - Background
In classical cryptography, one of the earliest encryption methods was the simple substitution cipher, where letters in a message were sys...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Books On Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - Books On Cryptography - Open Literature Versus Classified Literature
With the invention of radio, much of military communications went wireless, allowing the possiblity of enemy interception much more readi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - Variants
The running key variant of the Vigenère cipher was also considered unbreakable at one time. This version uses a block of text as long as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - Description
In a Caesar cipher, each letter of the alphabet is shifted along some number of places; for example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, A wou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - History
Leone Battista Alberti (the inventor of polyalphabetic ciphers), Johannes Trithemius (in his works Poligraphia and Stegonographia) and Gi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substitution Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Cipher - The One-time Pad
One type of substitution cipher, the one-time pad, is quite special. It was invented near the end of WWI by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mau...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Babbage: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Babbage - Life
Charles Babbage was born in England, most likely at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. There is quite a discrepancy over the date of B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substitution Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Cipher - Homophonic Substitution
An early attempt to increase the difficulty of frequency analysis attacks on substitution ciphers was to disguise plaintext letter freque...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Cryptography - Cryptography From 1800 To World War Ii
Although cryptography has a long and complex history, it wasn't until the 19th century that it developed anything more than ad hoc approa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Cryptography - Medieval Cryptography
It was probably religiously motivated textual analysis of the Qur'an which led to the invention of the frequency analysis technique for b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Cryptography - Classical Cryptography
The earliest known use of cryptography is found in non-standard hieroglyphs carved into monuments from Egypt's Old Kingdom (ca 4500+ year...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Babbage: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Babbage - Other Accomplishments
In 1824 Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society "for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and ast...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Cryptography: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Cryptography - World War Ii Cryptography
By World War II, mechanical and electromechanical cipher machines were in wide use, although — where such machines were impractical —...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - History
Leone Battista Alberti (the inventor of polyalphabetic ciphers), Johannes Trithemius (in his works Poligraphia and Stegonographia) and Gi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substitution Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Cipher - Polygraphic Substitution
In a polygraphic substitution cipher, plaintext letters are substituted for in larger groups (typically pairs, making a digraphic cipher)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substitution Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Cipher - Polyalphabetic Substitution
Polyalphabetic substitution ciphers were first described in 1467 by Leone Battista Alberti in the form of disks. Johannes Trithemius, in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - Variants
Despite the Vigenère cipher's apparent strength it never became widely used throughout Europe. The Gronsfeld cipher is a variant created...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substitution Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Substitution Cipher - Mechanical Substitution Ciphers
Between circa WWI and the widespread availability of computers (for some governments this was approximately the 1950s or 1960s; for other...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigenère Cipher: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigenère Cipher - Description
In a Caesar cipher, each letter of the alphabet is shifted along some number of places; for example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, A wou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Kasiski: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Kasiski - Cryptography
In 1863, Kasiski published a 95-page book on cryptography, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrierkunst (German, "Secret writing and the ...   » Read the article