Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܐܶ; in Syriac, Mâruniyya مارونية in Arabic) are members of an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope of Rome. Their heritage reaches back to St. Maron in the early 5th century. The first Maronite patriarch, St. John Maron, was appointed in the late 7th century. Today they are one of the main religious groups in Lebanon. They are Arabic-speaking Christians with their ethnicity, like most Lebanese, being a mix of Phoenician, Aramaean, and Greek, with some European ro ...

Including:

• Maronite - History
• Maronite - Organisation
• Maronite - Population
• Maronite - Books

Read more here: » Maronite: Encyclopedia - Maronite

During the Ancien Régime, the flag of Saint-Denis was used -- red, with 2, 3 or 5 spikes. Originally, is was the personal flag of Charlemagne, given to him by the Pope. Over the time, it became the royal banner under the Carolingians and the Capetians. It was stored in Saint-Denis abbey, where it was taken when war broke out. In the French military, every regiment had its own flag. The accidental attack of French regiment between each other at the Battle of Fleurus in 1690 let to the habit of attaching a white scarf to the flags of the regiments -- whit ...

See also:

Flag of France, Flag of France - Design, Flag of France - History, Flag of France - Influence, Flag of France - National flags, Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups, Flag of France - Historic flags, Flag of France - External link

Read more here: » Flag of France: Encyclopedia II - Flag of France - History

During the Ancien Régime, the flag of Saint-Denis was used -- red, with 2, 3 or 5 spikes. Originally, it was the personal flag of Charlemagne, given to him by the Pope. Over the time, it became the royal banner under the Carolingians and the Capetians. It was stored in Saint-Denis abbey, where it was taken when war broke out. In the French military, every regiment had its own flag. The accidental attack of French regiment between each other at the Battle of Fleurus in 1690 let to the habit of attaching a white scarf to the flags of the regiments -- whit ...

See also:

Flag of France, Flag of France - Design, Flag of France - History, Flag of France - Influence, Flag of France - National flags, Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups, Flag of France - Historic flags

Read more here: » Flag of France: Encyclopedia II - Flag of France - History

Constitutionally guaranteed Christian control of the government had come under increasing fire from Muslims and secular left wing groups in the 1960s, leading them to join forces as the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) in 1969. The LNM called for the taking of a new census (the last one had been conducted in 1932) and the subsequent drafting of a new governmental structure that would reflect the actual population balance. This was perceived as a mortal threat for Christian (especially Maronite) power in Lebanon, although alliances were admittedly much more complex than the "Muslims versus Christians" rubric ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias

In the early 5th century, a community gathered around the Christian hermit St. Maron. After his death in 435 (or 410, according to some sources), this community continued to grow, and adopted the name of Maronites. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus Christ converted by Paul and Barnabas were first called Christians [Acts 11:26]. Antioch, especially after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, became a center for Christianity. The first Bishop was St. Peter before his travels to Rome. The third Bishop was the Apostolic Father St. Ignatius of Antioch. Antioch became one of the five original Patriarchates after ...

See also:

Maronite, Maronite - History, Maronite - Organisation, Maronite - Population, Maronite - Books

Read more here: » Maronite: Encyclopedia II - Maronite - History

Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978. Israel Defense Forces entered South Lebanon with the declared purpose "to wipe out PLO terrorist bases"[1] after a number of attacks against Israeli civilians launched by PLO from southern Lebanon. In the latest of those attacks on 11 March 1978, eleven Fatah militants landed on a beach in northern Israel and proceeded to hijack two buses full of passengers on Haifa - Tel-Aviv road, shooting at vehicles passing by. They killed 37 and wounded 76 Isra ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82

Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis. Between 1985 and 1989, sectarian conflict worsened as various efforts at national reconciliation failed. Heavy fighting took place in the War of the Camps of 1985-86 as a Syrian-backed coalition headed by the Amal militia sought to rout the PLO from their Lebanese strongholds. Many thousands of Palestinians died, and the Sabra, Shatila, a ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89

Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots. Main article: French Mandate of Lebanon Lebanon in its modern borders was established in 1920, as a French mandate granted by the League of Nations after the Conference of San Remo. It had been carved out of the Ottoman Empire, but there existed a unique history of Christian-dominated autonomy in the Mount Lebanon area ("Little Lebanon") under Ottoman government, partly as a result of French pressures on behalf of the Maronites. During its mandate, F ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war

In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. The amnesty was not extended to crimes perpetrated against foreign diplomats or certain crimes referred by the cabinet to the Higher Judicial Council. In May 1991, the militias (with the important exception of Hizbullah) were dissolved, and the Lebanese Armed Forces began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution. Some violence still occurred. In late December 1991 a car bomb (estimated to car ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife

Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres. Throughout the Spring of 1975, minor clashes had been building up towards all-out conflict, with the LNM pitted against the Phalange, and the ever-weaker national government wavering between the need to maintain order and cater to its Christian constituency. On the morning of April 13, 1975, unidentified gunmen in a speeding car fired on a group of Phalangist leaders leaving Church in the Christian Beirut suburb of Ain Rumaneh, killing four people in ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77

Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon. On 3 June 1982, the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Israeli ambassador Shlomo Argov in London. Abu Nidal had assassinated numerous PLO diplomats, and attempted to kill both Arafat and Mahmud Abbas, and was in fact condemned to death by the PLO (Chomsky, op. cit., p. 196). Additionally, British intelligence reported that the attempt had likely been sponsored by Iraq, and Israeli intelligence agreed; however, none of this dissuaded Ariel Shar ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83

The flag of France represented a new revolutionary movement; as such, it influenced many other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Norway and Romania. The flag of the Acadians is based on the French flag. Flag of France - National flags. Flag of France Flag of Belgium Flag of Cameroon Flag of Chad Flag of Côte d'Ivoire Flag of Ireland Flag of Italy Flag of Mexico Flag of Romania Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups. Flag of Newfoundland's francophones, ...

See also:

Flag of France, Flag of France - Design, Flag of France - History, Flag of France - Influence, Flag of France - National flags, Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups, Flag of France - Historic flags

Read more here: » Flag of France: Encyclopedia II - Flag of France - Influence

The red and blue colours of the flag are now officially PANTONE "Reflex Blue" and PANTONE "Red 032", or RGB (0,85,164) and (239,65,53), or CMYK (100,73,0,2) and (0,90,86,0). These were adopted by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, replacing the previous darker version of the flag. [1] Currently the flag is 50% longer than its height (i.e. in the proportion 2:3) and, except in the navy, has stripes of equal width. For many years the three stripes of the flag were not equally wide, being in the proportions 30 (blue), 33 (white) and 37 (red), th ...

See also:

Flag of France, Flag of France - Design, Flag of France - History, Flag of France - Influence, Flag of France - National flags, Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups, Flag of France - Historic flags, Flag of France - External link

Read more here: » Flag of France: Encyclopedia II - Flag of France - Design

Some numerical estimates have ranged from 1.5 million to 7.5 million, but the exact population is unknown. It is estimated that 640,000 to 850,000 remain in Lebanon where they constitute up to 23% of the population. According to the Lebanese constitution, the president must be a Maronite. Syrian Maronites total 40,000 and they follow the archdioceses of Aleppo and Damascus and the Diocese of Latakia. There is also a Maronite community in Cyprus which speaks Cypriot Maronite Arabic. They are a recognized religious minority on the island and t ...

See also:

Maronite, Maronite - History, Maronite - Organisation, Maronite - Population, Maronite - Books

Read more here: » Maronite: Encyclopedia II - Maronite - Population

The flag of France represented a new revolutionary movement; as such, it influenced many other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Norway and Romania. The flag of the Acadians is based on the French flag. Flag of France - National flags. Flag of France Flag of Belgium Flag of Cameroon Flag of Chad Flag of Côte d'Ivoire Flag of Ireland Flag of Italy Flag of Mexico Flag of Romania Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups. Flag of Newfoundland's francophones, ...

See also:

Flag of France, Flag of France - Design, Flag of France - History, Flag of France - Influence, Flag of France - National flags, Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups, Flag of France - Historic flags, Flag of France - External link

Read more here: » Flag of France: Encyclopedia II - Flag of France - Influence

The colours adopted by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, replacing a previous darker version of the flag[1], are Currently the flag is 50% longer than its height (i.e. in the proportion 2:3) and, except in the navy, has stripes of equal width. For many years the three stripes of the flag were not equally wide, being in the proportions 30 (blue), 33 (white) and 37 (red), the same proportions as the former flag of Paris. The theory was that if they were equal then the white stripe, being brighter, would ...

See also:

Flag of France, Flag of France - Design, Flag of France - History, Flag of France - Influence, Flag of France - National flags, Flag of France - Flags of ethnic groups, Flag of France - Historic flags

Read more here: » Flag of France: Encyclopedia II - Flag of France - Design

Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots. Main articles: French Mandate of Lebanon, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war

As a result of the Cairo Agreement in 1969, the Palestinians were legally allowed to operate as a militia within Lebanon, to fight Israel. They were granted full control over the refugee camps, but soon much of southern Lebanon fell under the PLO's effective rule. As fighters poured in from Jordan after the Black September destruction of the PLO's apparatus there, the PLO's presence became overbearing to many of inhabitants of these areas. The radical factions operated as a law unto themselves, and quickly alienated conservative Shi'a villag ...

See also:

Lebanese Civil War, Lebanese Civil War - Background to the war, Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots, Lebanese Civil War - After independence, Lebanese Civil War - Formation of militias, Lebanese Civil War - The major militias, Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict, Lebanese Civil War - First phase of the war 1975-77, Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres, Lebanese Civil War - Syrian intervention, Lebanese Civil War - An uneasy quiet, Lebanese Civil War - Second phase of the war 1977-82, Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978, Lebanese Civil War - Syria vs. the Phalange, Lebanese Civil War - Influence of the PLO, Lebanese Civil War - Israel plans for attack, Lebanese Civil War - Third phase of the war 1982-83, Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War - International intervention: 1981–84, Lebanese Civil War - Fourth phase of the war 1984-89, Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis, Lebanese Civil War - The Taif Agreement, Lebanese Civil War - End of the Civil Strife, Lebanese Civil War - Conclusions

Read more here: » Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Lebanese Civil War - The PLO and regional conflict