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French Fourth Republic | A Wisdom Archive on French Fourth Republic | | French Fourth Republic A selection of articles related to French Fourth Republic | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO French Fourth Republic | | | |  French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party FormationTraditionally, parties in parliamentary systems have had much tighter ideological cohesiveness than parties in presidential systems. It would be impossible for a parliamentary system to have a party like the United States Democratic Party, which was a directionless coalition of Southern, conservative, Protestants and urban, liberal, white ethnics until the 1980s. A parliamentary system's party must support a government, if a party in a parliamentary system had wildly ...
See also:Parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - History, Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Advantages of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism, Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation, Parliamentary system - Countries with a parliamentary system of government Read more here: » Parliamentary system: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems Supporters generally claim four basic advantages for presidential systems:
Direct mandate — in a presidential system, the president is generally elected directly by the people. To some, this makes the president's power more legitimate than that of a leader appointed indirectly.
Separation of powers — a presidential system establishes the presidency and the legislature as two parallel structures. Supporters of the system claim that this arrangement allows each structure to supervise the other, preventin ...
See also:Presidential system, Presidential system - Types of presidents, Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Direct mandate, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness, Presidential system - Stability, Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change, Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system, Presidential system - The reality, Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government Read more here: » Presidential system: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Types of presidents Many countries with a president as head of state do not operate under what is described as a presidential system. Many parliamentary nations, Germany and Italy, for instance, have an office of president, but these presidents are merely figurehead heads of state, like constitutional monarchs, and not active, executive heads of government. In a full-fledged presidential system, a president would be chos ...
See also:Presidential system, Presidential system - Types of presidents, Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Direct mandate, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness, Presidential system - Stability, Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change, Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system, Presidential system - The reality, Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government Read more here: » Presidential system: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Types of presidents |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system A number of key theoretical differences exist between a presidential and a cabinet system:
In a presidential system, the central principle is that the legislative and executive branches of government should be separate. This leads to the separate election of president, who is elected to office for a fixed term, and only removable for gross misdemeanor by impeachment and dismissal. In addition he or she does not need to choose cabinet members commanding the support of the legislature. By contrast, in parliamentarism, the executiv ...
See also:Presidential system, Presidential system - Types of presidents, Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Direct mandate, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness, Presidential system - Stability, Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change, Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system, Presidential system - The reality, Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government Read more here: » Presidential system: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - The reality In reality, elements of both systems overlap. Though a president in a presidential system does not have to choose a government answerable to the legislature, the legislature may have the right to scrutinise his or her appointments to high governmental office, with the right, on some occasions, to block an appointment. In the United States, many appointments must be confirmed by the Senate. By contrast, though answerable to parliament, a parliamentary system's cabinet may be able to make use of the parliamentary 'whip' (an oblig ...
See also:Presidential system, Presidential system - Types of presidents, Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Direct mandate, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness, Presidential system - Stability, Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change, Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system, Presidential system - The reality, Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government Read more here: » Presidential system: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - The reality |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government United States of America, Mexico, Brazil, Nigeria, Indonesia, Philippines, Argentina, Peru, Chile, & Afghanistan, most states in the Americas.
Note: Many legislators, including the President in the Philippines want a constitutional amendment to switch from a presidential to parliamentary form of government.
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See also:Presidential system, Presidential system - Types of presidents, Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Direct mandate, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness, Presidential system - Stability, Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change, Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system, Presidential system - The reality, Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government Read more here: » Presidential system: Encyclopedia II - Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - War dead The FLN estimated in 1962 that nearly eight years of revolution had cost 300,000 dead from war-related causes. Algerian sources later put the figure at approximately 1.5 million dead, while French officials estimated it at 350,000. French military authorities listed their losses at nearly 18,000 dead (6,000 from non-combat-related causes) and 65,000 wounded. European descended civilian casualties exceeded 10,000 (including 3,000 dead) in 42,000 recorded terrorist incidents. According to French figures, security forces killed 141,000 rebel co ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - War dead |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus Pieds-noirs (including Jews) and harkis accounted for 13% of the total population of Algeria in 1962. For the sake of clarity, each group's exodus is described separately here, although their fate shared many common elements.
Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs.
Pied-noir (literally "black foot") is a term used to describe the European-descended population that had been in Algeria for generations; it is sometimes used to include the Jewish population as well, which likewise emig ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville An important watershed in the War of Independence was the massacre of civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville in August 1955. Before this operation, FLN policy was to attack only military and government-related targets. The wilaya commander for the Constantine region, however, decided a drastic escalation was needed. The killing by the FLN and its supporters of 123 people, including old women and babies, shocked Soustelle into calling for more repressive measures against the rebels. The government claimed it killed 1,273 g ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety Recurrent cabinet crises focused attention on the inherent instability of the French Fourth Republic and increased the misgivings of the army and of the colons that the security of Algeria was being undermined by party politics. Army commanders chafed at what they took to be inadequate and incompetent government support of military efforts to end the rebellion. The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of Indochina in 1954 was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitate pullout and sacrifice French h ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle A lot of people, French citizens or not, greeted Charles de Gaulle's return to power as the breakthrough needed to end the hostilities. On his June 4 trip to Algeria, de Gaulle calculatedly made an ambiguous and broad emotional appeal to all the inhabitants, declaring "Je vous ai compris" (I have understood you). De Gaulle raised the hopes of colons and the professional military, disaffected by the indecisiveness of previous governments, with his exclamation of "Vive l'Algérie française" (long live French Algeria) to cheering ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords The "generals' putsch" marked the turning point in the official attitude toward the Algerian war. De Gaulle was now prepared to abandon the colons, the group that no previous French government could have written off. The army had been discredited by the putsch and kept a low profile politically throughout the rest of France's involvement with Algeria. Talks with the FLN reopened at Evian in May 1961; after several false starts, the French government decreed that a ceasefire would take effect on March 19, 1962. In their final form, the ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords |
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| | | | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism A main criticism of many parliamentary systems is that the head of government cannot be directly voted on. Often, an electorate will be surprised just by who is elevated to the premiership, as Indians were surprised in 2004 when Manmohan Singh was named prime minister and not Sonia Gandhi. In a presidential system, the president is directly chosen by the people, or by a set of electors directly chosen by the people, but in a pa ...
See also:Parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - History, Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Advantages of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism, Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation, Parliamentary system - Countries with a parliamentary system of government Read more here: » Parliamentary system: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - FLN The FLN uprising presented nationalist groups with the question of whether to adopt armed revolt as the main mode of action. During the first year of the war, Ferhat Abbas's UDMA, the ulama, and the PCA maintained a friendly neutrality toward the FLN. The communists, who had made no move to cooperate in the uprising at the start, later tried to infiltrate the FLN, but FLN leaders publicly repudiated the support of the party. In April 1956, Abbas flew to Cairo, where he formally joined the FLN. This action brought in many évolués who ...
See also:Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference Read more here: » Algerian War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Algerian War of Independence - FLN |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Historical scenarios When asked what kind of weapons World War III would be fought with, Albert Einstein replied:
"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."
Not all scenarios for World War III have begun with the use of nuclear weapons. Operation DROPSHOT, a since-declassified U.S. plan, written in 1947, assumed a long period of conventional war between NATO and the Soviet Union before any nuclear weapons would be employed by both sides. The standard NATO ...
See also:World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Historical scenarios |
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| | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Use of the term
World War III - Cold War.
The term World War III has been used by Project for the New American Century (PNAC) to describe the Cold War of the 20th century, while the War on Terror, including the Iraq military conflict, is referred to as World War IV. PNAC has numerous members who are senior officials in the George W. Bush administration in the USA as well as in other high positions of influence in the United States. James Woolsey, a founding member of PNAC, stated during his opening statements while speaking on A ...
See also:World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Use of the term |
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| | | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system The executive is typically a cabinet, and headed by a prime minister who is considered the head of government, but parliamentarism has also been practised with privy councils. The prime minister and the ministers of the cabinet typically have their background in the parliament and may remain members thereof while serving in cabinet. The leader of the leading party, or group of parties, in the parliament is often appointed as the prime minister. In many countries, the cabinet, or single members thereof, can be removed by the parliament ...
See also:Parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - History, Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Advantages of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism, Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation, Parliamentary system - Countries with a parliamentary system of government Read more here: » Parliamentary system: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system |
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| | | | | | French Fourth Republic: Encyclopedia II - France in modern times - Historical Overview
France in modern times - From World War I to World War II.
World War I (1914-1918) brought great losses of troops and resources . Fought in large part on French soil, it lead to approximately 1.4 million French dead including civilians (see World War I casualties), and four times as many casualties (see World War I#Aftermath). The stipulations of the Versailles treaty were severe: Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France; Germany was required to take full responsibility for the war and to pay war reparations; the German industrial Saarland, a coal and steel region, was occupied by France ...
See also:France in modern times, France in modern times - France and the French in the 20th century, France in modern times - Geography, France in modern times - Demographics, France in modern times - French Identity, France in modern times - Historical Overview, France in modern times - From World War I to World War II, France in modern times - The Post-War Period, France in modern times - French colonies, France in modern times - Literature, France in modern times - Art Read more here: » France in modern times: Encyclopedia II - France in modern times - Historical Overview |
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