Auriol was born in Revel, Haute-Garonne on August 27, 1884, the son of a butcher. He earned a law degree at the Collège de Revel in 1904 and began his career as a lawyer in Toulouse. A committed socialist, Auriol co-founded the newspaper Le Midi Socialiste in 1908; he was head of the Association of Journalists in Toulouse at this time. Auriol entered the Chamber of Deputies as a socialist in 1914 as a representative for Muret; a year later he was elected mayor of Toulouse. After the breakup of the Parti Socialiste Unifé in 1920, Auriol became a founding member of the socialist SFIO party, opposed to the ...

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Vincent Auriol, Vincent Auriol - Early life and politics, Vincent Auriol - Postwar life and presidency

Read more here: » Vincent Auriol: Encyclopedia II - Vincent Auriol - Early life and politics

From its origins in 1954 as ragtag maquisards numbering in the hundreds and armed with a motley assortment of hunting rifles and discarded French, German, and United States light weapons, the ALN had evolved by 1957 into a disciplined fighting force of nearly 40,000. More than 30,000 were organized along conventional lines in external units that were stationed in Moroccan and Tunisian sanctuaries near the Algerian border, where they served primarily to divert some French manpower from the main theaters of guerrilla activity to guard against ...

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Algerian War of Independence, Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities, Algerian War of Independence - FLN, Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville, Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War, Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety, Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle, Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords, Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus, Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs, Algerian War of Independence - Harkis, Algerian War of Independence - War dead, Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics, Algerian War of Independence - Reference

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There are a number of variations in this procedure. For example, in Germany, Spain, and Israel, a vote of No Confidence requires that the opposition, on the same ballot, propose a candidate of their own whom they want to be appointed as successor by the respective head of state. Thus the Motion of No Confidence is required to be at the same time a Motion of Confidence for a new candidate (this variation is called a Constructive Vote of No Confidence). The idea was to prevent crises of the state by always having a head of government in ...

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Motion of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Variations, Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Australia, Motion of no confidence - Canada, Motion of no confidence - France, Motion of no confidence - Germany, Motion of no confidence - India, Motion of no confidence - Israel, Motion of no confidence - Italy, Motion of no confidence - Japan, Motion of no confidence - New Zealand, Motion of no confidence - Norway, Motion of no confidence - Ukraine, Motion of no confidence - United Kingdom, Motion of no confidence - Vanuatu, Motion of no confidence - Galactic Republic Star Wars, Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

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Critics generally claim three basic disadvantages for presidential systems: Tendency towards authoritarianism — some political scientists say that the presidentialism is not constitutionally stable. According to some political scientists, such as Fred Riggs, presidentialism has fallen into authoritarianism in every country it has been attempted, except the United States. Separation of powers — a presidential system establishes the presidency and the legislature as two parallel structures. Critics argue ...

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Presidential system, Presidential system - Types of presidents, Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Direct mandate, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness, Presidential system - Stability, Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems, Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism, Presidential system - Separation of powers, Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change, Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system, Presidential system - The reality, Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government

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Priory of Sion - The Plantard Plot. The Priory of Sion is an association that was founded in 1956, in the French town of Annemasse. As with all associations, French law required the association to be registered with the government. This took place at the Sous-Prefecture of Saint Julien-en-Genevois, in May 1956, and its registration was noted on 20 July 1956 in the ‘Journal Officiel de la République Française’. The founders and signatories are inscribed as Pierre Plantard known as Chyren, Andre Bonhomme know ...

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Priory of Sion, Priory of Sion - History, Priory of Sion - The Plantard Plot, Priory of Sion - Holy Blood Holy Grail, Priory of Sion - Et in Arcadia ego..., Priory of Sion - Cultural influences, Priory of Sion - Alleged Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion

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There are a number of variations in this procedure. For example, in Germany, Spain, and Israel, a vote of No Confidence requires that the opposition, on the same ballot, propose a candidate of their own whom they want to be appointed as successor by the respective head of state. Thus the Motion of No Confidence is required to be at the same time a Motion of Confidence for a new candidate (this variation is called a Constructive Vote of No Confidence). The idea was to prevent crises of the state by always having a head of government in ...

See also:

Motion of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Variations, Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Australia, Motion of no confidence - Canada, Motion of no confidence - France, Motion of no confidence - Germany, Motion of no confidence - India, Motion of no confidence - Israel, Motion of no confidence - Italy, Motion of no confidence - Japan, Motion of no confidence - New Zealand, Motion of no confidence - Norway, Motion of no confidence - Ukraine, Motion of no confidence - United Kingdom, Motion of no confidence - Vanuatu, Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

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Cohabitation government - France. Cohabitation was a product of the French Fifth Republic. This constitution brought together a potent President position with manifold executive powers, and a strong parliament with a Prime Minister. The president's task was primarily to end deadlock and act decisively to avoid the stagnation prevalent under the French Fourth Republic; the Prime Minister, similarly, was to "direct the work of government", providing a strong leadershi ...

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Cohabitation government, Cohabitation government - Cohabitation in Practice, Cohabitation government - France, Cohabitation government - Bibliography

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In October of 1887, the French announced the formation of the Union Indochinoise (Indochinese Union), which at that time comprised Cambodia, already an autonomous French possession, and the three regions of Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina. In 1893, Laos was annexed after the French defeated Siam in a war and took the territory from them. Cambodia's chief official during the French colonial occupation, the only person responsible to the governor general of the Indochinese Union and who was appointed directly by the Minis ...

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Colonial Cambodia, Colonial Cambodia - French Colonial Occupation, Colonial Cambodia - The Economy during the French colonial occupation, Colonial Cambodia - Emergence of Khmer Nationalism, Colonial Cambodia - Struggle for Khmer Unity, Colonial Cambodia - Reference

Read more here: » Colonial Cambodia: Encyclopedia II - Colonial Cambodia - French Colonial Occupation

Not long after the French first established an autonomous presence in Cambodia in 1863, the French realized their dream of Cambodia becoming the "Singapore of Indochina" was an illusion and that Cambodia had no hidden wealth. Nonetheless, the French never modernized much economically in Indochina. All they did was collect taxes efficiently, but nothing much changed in the Cambodian village economy. Discrimination against non-Vietnamese by the French continued, especially when it was revealed that Cambodians paid the highest taxes per ...

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Colonial Cambodia, Colonial Cambodia - French Colonial Occupation, Colonial Cambodia - The Economy during the French colonial occupation, Colonial Cambodia - Emergence of Khmer Nationalism, Colonial Cambodia - Struggle for Khmer Unity, Colonial Cambodia - Reference

Read more here: » Colonial Cambodia: Encyclopedia II - Colonial Cambodia - The Economy during the French colonial occupation

The term Gigadeath War, first used by Hugo De Garis, described a confrontation not between nations or religions but between Terrans and Cosmists, determined respectively to resist or advance artilect ("artificial intelligence" on a godlike scale) evolution beyond humans — a "technological singularity" out of human control. This is not an isolated concept — apocalypse literature throughout the late 20th century emphasized lack of human control over wa ...

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World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music

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The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European adventurers in the 16th century. Slavery had always been part of every day life but the scale increased as slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade. Some sources suggest that more than half of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa were removed. Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898 of the armies of Samory Touré, Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinké descent, which gave France c ...

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History of Guinea, History of Guinea - Empires, History of Guinea - Colonial Era, History of Guinea - Independence

Read more here: » History of Guinea: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea - Colonial Era

Reynaud was born in Barcelonnette, France. His father had made a fortune in the textile industry, enabling Reynaud to study law at the Sorbonne. Reynaud was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies from 1919 to 1924, representing Basses-Alpes, and again from 1928, representing a Paris district. Although he was first elected as part of the conservative "Blue Horizon" bloc in 1919, Reynaud shortly thereafter switched his allegiance to the center-right Alliance Démocratique part ...

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Paul Reynaud, Paul Reynaud - Early life and politics, Paul Reynaud - Return to government, Paul Reynaud - Prime minister and arrest, Paul Reynaud - Postwar life, Paul Reynaud - Reynaud's Government 21 March - 16 June 1940

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Although Reynaud was increasingly popular, the Chamber of Deputies elected Reynaud premier by only a single vote with most of his own party abstaining; over half of the votes for Reynaud came from the socialist SFIO party. With so much support from the left - and the opposition from many parties on the right - Reynaud's government was especially unstable; many on the Right demanded that Reynaud attack not Germany, but the Soviet Union.[7] The Chamber also ...

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Paul Reynaud, Paul Reynaud - Early life and politics, Paul Reynaud - Return to government, Paul Reynaud - Prime minister and arrest, Paul Reynaud - Postwar life, Paul Reynaud - Reynaud's Government 21 March - 16 June 1940

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After the war, Reynaud was made again a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1946. Reynaud was in several cabinet positions in the postwar period and remained a prominent figure in French politics, although his attempts to form governments in 1952 and 1953 in the turbulent politics of the French Fourth Republic were failures. Reynaud supported the idea of a United States of Europe, along with a number of prominent contemporaries. Reynaud presided over the consultative committee that drafted the constitution of France's (current) Fifth Republ ...

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Paul Reynaud, Paul Reynaud - Early life and politics, Paul Reynaud - Return to government, Paul Reynaud - Prime minister and arrest, Paul Reynaud - Postwar life, Paul Reynaud - Reynaud's Government 21 March - 16 June 1940

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After the war, Auriol presided over the constituent assemblies that drafted the constitution of the short-lived French Fourth Republic. He lobbied for a "third force" between the communists and Gaullists. He led the French delegation to the United Nations and was France's first representative on the United Nations Security Council in 1946. The National Assembly voted him the first President of the Fourth Republic on January 16, 1947 by a wide margin, giving Auriol 452 vo ...

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Vincent Auriol, Vincent Auriol - Early life and politics, Vincent Auriol - Postwar life and presidency

Read more here: » Vincent Auriol: Encyclopedia II - Vincent Auriol - Postwar life and presidency

Traditionally, parties in parliamentary systems have had much tighter ideological cohesiveness than parties in presidential systems. It would be difficult for a parliamentary system to have a party like the United States Democratic Party, which was a directionless coalition of Southern, conservative, Protestants and urban, liberal, white ethnics until the 1980s. A parliamentary system's party must support a government, if a party in a parliamentary system had wildly ...

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Parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - History, Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Advantages of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism, Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation, Parliamentary system - Countries with a parliamentary system of government

Read more here: » Parliamentary system: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation

See also: Examples of defeats by Motions of Confidence Motion of no confidence - Australia. James Scullin (1931) Arthur Fadden (1941) Malcolm Fraser (1975)[1] Motion of no confidence - Canada. Arthur Meighen (1926) John George Diefenbaker (1963) Pierre Trudeau (1974) Joe Clark (1979) Paul Martin (2005)See also:

Motion of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Variations, Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Australia, Motion of no confidence - Canada, Motion of no confidence - France, Motion of no confidence - Germany, Motion of no confidence - India, Motion of no confidence - Israel, Motion of no confidence - Italy, Motion of no confidence - Japan, Motion of no confidence - New Zealand, Motion of no confidence - Norway, Motion of no confidence - Ukraine, Motion of no confidence - United Kingdom, Motion of no confidence - Vanuatu, Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

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The modern state of Guinea did not come into existence until 1898 but the history of the area stretches back much further. West Africa saw many empires rise and fall in the period before European intervention and Guinea fell within many of them. The Ghana Empire is believed to be the earliest of these which grew on trade but contracted and ultimately fell due to the hostile influence of the Almoravides. It was in this p ...

See also:

History of Guinea, History of Guinea - Empires, History of Guinea - Colonial Era, History of Guinea - Independence

Read more here: » History of Guinea: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea - Empires

Motion of no confidence - Australia. James Scullin (1931) Arthur Fadden (1941) Malcolm Fraser (1975)[1] Motion of no confidence - Canada. Arthur Meighen (1926) John George Diefenbaker (1963) Pierre Trudeau (1974) Joe Clark (1979) Paul Martin (2005)[2] ...

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Motion of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Variations, Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Australia, Motion of no confidence - Canada, Motion of no confidence - France, Motion of no confidence - Germany, Motion of no confidence - India, Motion of no confidence - Israel, Motion of no confidence - Italy, Motion of no confidence - Japan, Motion of no confidence - New Zealand, Motion of no confidence - Norway, Motion of no confidence - Ukraine, Motion of no confidence - United Kingdom, Motion of no confidence - Vanuatu, Motion of no confidence - Galactic Republic Star Wars, Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

Read more here: » Motion of no confidence: Encyclopedia II - Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence

Motion of no confidence - Australia. James Scullin (1931) Arthur Fadden (1941) Malcolm Fraser (1975)[1] Motion of no confidence - Canada. Arthur Meighen (1926) John George Diefenbaker (1963) Pierre Trudeau (1974) Joe Clark (1979) Paul Martin (2005)[2] ...

See also:

Motion of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Variations, Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Australia, Motion of no confidence - Canada, Motion of no confidence - France, Motion of no confidence - Germany, Motion of no confidence - India, Motion of no confidence - Israel, Motion of no confidence - Italy, Motion of no confidence - Japan, Motion of no confidence - New Zealand, Motion of no confidence - Norway, Motion of no confidence - Ukraine, Motion of no confidence - United Kingdom, Motion of no confidence - Vanuatu, Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

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Unlike Vietnam, Cambodian nationalism was politically quiet during the early 1900s. This was probably so because of the reigning monarch and the way the French handled the monarchy. Khmer villages who were used to abuse of power believed that if the monarch was on the throne, Cambodia was fine as it was. At the same time, low literacy rates in Cambodia, which the French were reluctant to improve, stopped nationalist currents to spread as they were in Vietnam. However, Cambodian nationalism was emerging among the educated urban Khmer e ...

See also:

Colonial Cambodia, Colonial Cambodia - French Colonial Occupation, Colonial Cambodia - The Economy during the French colonial occupation, Colonial Cambodia - Emergence of Khmer Nationalism, Colonial Cambodia - Struggle for Khmer Unity, Colonial Cambodia - Reference

Read more here: » Colonial Cambodia: Encyclopedia II - Colonial Cambodia - Emergence of Khmer Nationalism