French Fourth Republic

The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists, or the "colons" as they were called, in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France gave up its control over Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main Algerian rival — with the same goal of Algerian independence — ...

Including:

• Algerian War of Independence - Beginning of Hostilities
• Algerian War of Independence - FLN
• Algerian War of Independence - Philippeville
• Algerian War of Independence - Conduct of the War
• Algerian War of Independence - Committee of Public Safety
• Algerian War of Independence - De Gaulle
• Algerian War of Independence - The Evian Accords
• Algerian War of Independence - The pieds-noirs' and harkis' exodus
• Algerian War of Independence - Pieds-noirs
• Algerian War of Independence - Harkis
• Algerian War of Independence - War dead
• Algerian War of Independence - Lasting effects in Algerian politics
• Algerian War of Independence - Reference

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A presidential system, or a congressional system, is a system of government of a republic where the executive branch is elected separately from the legislative. The defining characteristic of a presidential government is how the executive is elected, but nearly all presidential systems share the following features: The president is both head of state and head of government. The president has no formal relationship with the legislature. He is not a voting member, nor can he introduce bills. ...

Including:

• Presidential system - Types of presidents
• Presidential system - Perceived advantages of presidential systems
• Presidential system - Direct mandate
• Presidential system - Separation of powers
• Presidential system - Speed and decisiveness
• Presidential system - Stability
• Presidential system - Perceived disadvantages of presidential systems
• Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism
• Presidential system - Separation of powers
• Presidential system - Impediments to leadership change
• Presidential system - Differences from a cabinet system
• Presidential system - The reality
• Presidential system - Democracies with a presidential system of government

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A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non confidence, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. On rare occasions, it may also be put on the parliamentary order paper by an erstwhile supporter who has lost confidence in the government. The motion is passed or rejected by means of a parliamentary vote (a vote of no confidence). Governments often respond to a Motion of No Confidence by proposing a Motion of Confidence which, according to parliamentary procedure in the Westminster System, ...

Including:

• Motion of no confidence - Variations
• Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence
• Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

Read more here: » Motion of no confidence: Encyclopedia - Motion of no confidence

The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958, and has been amended 17 times, most recently on March 28, 2003. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, and replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from October 27, 1946. Charles de Gaulle was its main instigator; the constitution was drafted by Michel Debré. Constitution of France - Summary. The preamble of the constitution recalls the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789 and estab ...

Including:

• Constitution of France - Summary
• Constitution of France - Impact with respect to personal freedoms
• Constitution of France - Past constitutions

Read more here: » Constitution of France: Encyclopedia - Constitution of France

World War III is the name given to a hypothetical world war that would be fought after World War II. Most usages of the term include the use of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons. In the latter half of the 20th century, military confrontation between the superpowers was considered to pose an extreme threat to establishing world peace, when the Cold War saw the capitalist United States face the communist Soviet Union. If this confrontation had escalated into full-scale war, it was widely thought that the conflic ...

Including:

• World War III - Historical scenarios
• World War III - Historical close calls
• World War III - Preparations for war
• World War III - Use of the term
• World War III - Cold War
• World War III - Gulf War
• World War III - War on Terrorism
• World War III - Technological causes of WW3
• World War III - Artistic treatments
• World War III - Film and television
• World War III - Literature
• World War III - Computer games
• World War III - Music

Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia - World War III

Cambodia's situation at the end of the war was chaotic. The Free French, under General Charles de Gaulle, were determined to recover Indochina, though they offered Cambodia and the other Inchochinese protectorates a carefully circumscribed measure of self-government. Convinced that they had a "civilizing mission," they envisioned Indochina's participation in a French Union of former colonies that shared the common experience of French culture. Neither the urban professional elites nor the common people, however, were attracted by this arrang ...

See also:

Colonial Cambodia, Colonial Cambodia - French Colonial Occupation, Colonial Cambodia - The Economy during the French colonial occupation, Colonial Cambodia - Emergence of Khmer Nationalism, Colonial Cambodia - Struggle for Khmer Unity, Colonial Cambodia - Reference

Read more here: » Colonial Cambodia: Encyclopedia II - Colonial Cambodia - Struggle for Khmer Unity

The impetus behind the creation of the Fifth Republic was the Algerian Crisis. Although France had since parted with many of its colonies, such as many of those in West Africa and Southeast Asia, it still retained Algeria, which had a large French population which opposed decolonization. Algeria eventually became independent on July 5, 1962. Charles de Gaulle used the crisis as an opportunity to create a new French government with a stronger office of president, which before was largely that of a figurehead. French presidents, as in p ...

See also:

French Fifth Republic, French Fifth Republic - Foundation by Charles de Gaulle, French Fifth Republic - After De Gaulle

Read more here: » French Fifth Republic: Encyclopedia II - French Fifth Republic - Foundation by Charles de Gaulle

France in modern times - Geography. In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways : most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870, and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France (a "département") in 1848. France would reacquire Alsace-Lorraine at the end of World War I and lose them again, temporarily, to Germany during World War II. Calls for Algerian indepedence became common ...

See also:

France in modern times, France in modern times - France and the French in the 20th century, France in modern times - Geography, France in modern times - Demographics, France in modern times - French Identity, France in modern times - Historical Overview, France in modern times - From World War I to World War II, France in modern times - The Post-War Period, France in modern times - French colonies, France in modern times - Literature, France in modern times - Art

Read more here: » France in modern times: Encyclopedia II - France in modern times - France and the French in the 20th century

In 1958 the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially Indochina and Algeria. The founding of a Fifth Republic was supported by the French people, while France's colonies were given the choice between more autonomy in a new French Community and immediate independence. The other colonies chose the former but Guinea — under the leadership of Ahmed Sékou Touré whose Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in 1957 territorial elections — voted over ...

See also:

History of Guinea, History of Guinea - Empires, History of Guinea - Colonial Era, History of Guinea - Independence

Read more here: » History of Guinea: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea - Independence

History of France - Gaul. Settled mainly by Celtic peoples (that the Romans referred to as the "Gauls"), and apart from a shrinking area of Basque population in the southwest and Ligurian population on the southern coast, the area of modern France comprised the bulk of the region of Gaul (Latin: Gallia) under the rule of the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. Hi ...

See also:

History of France, History of France - Historical Overview, History of France - Gaul, History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages, History of France - France in the Middle Ages, History of France - Early Modern France, History of France - France in the Nineteenth Century, History of France - France In Modern Times

Read more here: » History of France: Encyclopedia II - History of France - Historical Overview

The Leopard project started in November, 1956 in order to develop a modern tank to replace the Bundeswehr's United States-built M-47 & M48 tanks, which were rapidly growing outdated. In 1957 the detailed designs were released; the new design needed to able to withstand hits from 20 mm anti-tank guns, operate in a battlefield contaminated with chemical weapons or radioactive fallout, the then-standard baseline for combat with the Warsaw Pact. In addition the main armament was to be upgraded to the new British L7A3 105 mm gun, carryin ...

See also:

Leopard tank, Leopard tank - Development history, Leopard tank - Operators, Leopard tank - External link

Read more here: » Leopard tank: Encyclopedia II - Leopard tank - Development history

History of France - Gaul. Main articles: Gaul and Roman Gaul Settled mainly by Celtic peoples (that the Romans referred to as the "Gauls"), and apart from a shrinking area of Basque population in the southwest and Ligurian population on the southern coast, the area of modern France comprised the bulk of the region of Gaul (Latin: Gallia) under the rule of the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages. See also:

History of France, History of France - Historical Overview, History of France - Gaul, History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages, History of France - France in the Middle Ages, History of France - Early Modern France, History of France - France in the Nineteenth Century, History of France - France In Modern Times

Read more here: » History of France: Encyclopedia II - History of France - Historical Overview

There are a number of variations in this procedure. For example, in Germany, Spain, and Israel, a vote of No Confidence requires that the opposition, on the same ballot, propose a candidate of their own whom they want to be appointed as successor by the respective head of state. Thus the Motion of No Confidence is required to be at the same time a Motion of Confidence for a new candidate (this variation is called a Constructive Vote of No Confidence). The idea was to prevent crises of the state by always having a head of government in ...

See also:

Motion of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Variations, Motion of no confidence - Prime Ministers defeated by votes of no confidence, Motion of no confidence - Footnotes

Read more here: » Motion of no confidence: Encyclopedia II - Motion of no confidence - Variations

This statement of principles contained the kernel of a much more radical re-ordering of society than had yet taken place. A mere six weeks after the storming of the Bastille and barely three weeks after the abolition of feudalism, the Declaration put forward a doctrine of popular sovereignty and equal opportunity: "Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the ...

See also:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Adoption of the Declaration, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Substance of the Declaration, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Women's rights, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Effect today, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Compare to other countries' bills of rights

Read more here: » Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Encyclopedia II - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Substance of the Declaration

World War II was primarily fought between two large alliances. The Axis Powers were a group of countries led by Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and are considered the aggressors of the conflict. The Allies, led by the United Kingdom and, until its defeat, France, were joined in the European theatre by the Soviet Union in June 1941 and by the United States in December 1941. In the Asia-Pacific theatre, the Allies were led by China from the invasion of China by Japan in 1937 and then joined by the United States in 1941 after the Pearl Harbor attack. ...

See also:

Participants in World War II, Participants in World War II - Alliances, Participants in World War II - The Axis, Participants in World War II - The Allies, Participants in World War II - National impacts, Participants in World War II - Afghanistan, Participants in World War II - Albania, Participants in World War II - Andorra, Participants in World War II - Argentina, Participants in World War II - Australia, Participants in World War II - Austria, Participants in World War II - Bahrain, Participants in World War II - Belgium, Participants in World War II - Bolivia, Participants in World War II - Brazil, Participants in World War II - Bulgaria, Participants in World War II - Canada, Participants in World War II - Ceylon, Participants in World War II - China, Participants in World War II - Colombia, Participants in World War II - Costa Rica, Participants in World War II - Cuba, Participants in World War II - Czechoslovakia, Participants in World War II - Denmark, Participants in World War II - Dominican Republic, Participants in World War II - Ecuador, Participants in World War II - Egypt, Participants in World War II - El Salvador, Participants in World War II - Estonia, Participants in World War II - Ethiopia, Participants in World War II - Fiji, Participants in World War II - Finland, Participants in World War II - France, Participants in World War II - Germany, Participants in World War II - Greece, Participants in World War II - Guatemala, Participants in World War II - Haiti, Participants in World War II - Honduras, Participants in World War II - Hong Kong, Participants in World War II - Hungary, Participants in World War II - India, Participants in World War II - Indonesia, Participants in World War II - Iran, Participants in World War II - Iraq, Participants in World War II - Ireland, Participants in World War II - Italy, Participants in World War II - Japan, Participants in World War II - Latvia, Participants in World War II - Lebanon, Participants in World War II - Liberia, Participants in World War II - Liechtenstein, Participants in World War II - Lithuania, Participants in World War II - Luxembourg, Participants in World War II - Malaya, Participants in World War II - Malta, Participants in World War II - Manchukuo, Participants in World War II - Mexico, Participants in World War II - Monaco, Participants in World War II - Mongolia, Participants in World War II - Morocco, Participants in World War II - Nepal, Participants in World War II - Netherlands, Participants in World War II - New Zealand, Participants in World War II - Nicaragua, Participants in World War II - Norway, Participants in World War II - Oman, Participants in World War II - Panama, Participants in World War II - Paraguay, Participants in World War II - Peru, Participants in World War II - Philippines, Participants in World War II - Poland, Participants in World War II - Portugal, Participants in World War II - Romania, Participants in World War II - San Marino, Participants in World War II - Saudi Arabia, Participants in World War II - Singapore, Participants in World War II - South Africa, Participants in World War II - Soviet Union, Participants in World War II - Spain, Participants in World War II - Sweden, Participants in World War II - Switzerland, Participants in World War II - Syria, Participants in World War II - Tannu Tuva, Participants in World War II - Thailand, Participants in World War II - Tonga, Participants in World War II - Transjordan, Participants in World War II - Turkey, Participants in World War II - United Kingdom, Participants in World War II - United States of America, Participants in World War II - Uruguay, Participants in World War II - Venezuela, Participants in World War II - Vichy France, Participants in World War II - Yugoslavia

Read more here: » Participants in World War II: Encyclopedia II - Participants in World War II - Alliances

Main Article: History of Parliamentarism The modern parliamentary system has its roots in the Roman Republic's senate, which was essentially a ruling council made up of the elite of society. Even after the Republic became the Roman Empire, the senate still had immense influence and power. However, as time went on, the autocratic nature of later emperors eventually reduced the senate's prestige and power, and ushered in centuries of relative autocratic rule by monarchs. Under feudalism in the Middle Ages, all members of a kingdo ...

See also:

Parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - History, Parliamentary system - The features of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Advantages of a parliamentary system, Parliamentary system - Criticisms of parliamentarianism, Parliamentary system - Parliamentarism and Party Formation, Parliamentary system - Countries with a parliamentary system of government

Read more here: » Parliamentary system: Encyclopedia II - Parliamentary system - History

The preamble of the constitution recalls the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789 and establishes France as a secular and democratic republic, deriving its sovereignty from the people. It provides for the election of the President and the Parliament, the selection of the Government, and the powers of each and the relations between them. It ensures judicial authority and creates a High Court of Justice, a Constitutional Council, and an Economic and Social Council. It was ...

See also:

Constitution of France, Constitution of France - Summary, Constitution of France - Impact with respect to personal freedoms, Constitution of France - Past constitutions

Read more here: » Constitution of France: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of France - Summary

Reynaud returned to the cabinet in 1938 as Minister of Justice under Édouard Daladier. The Munich crisis, which began not long after Reynaud was named Minister of Justice, again revealed the divide between Reynaud and the rest of the Alliance Démocratique; Reynaud adamantly opposed abandoning the Czechs to the Germans, while Flandin felt that allowing Germany to expand eastward would inevitably lead to a conflict with the Soviets that would weaken both. Reynaud publicly made his case, and in response Flandin pamphleted Paris in order to pr ...

See also:

Paul Reynaud, Paul Reynaud - Early life and politics, Paul Reynaud - Return to government, Paul Reynaud - Prime minister and arrest, Paul Reynaud - Postwar life, Paul Reynaud - Reynaud's Government 21 March - 16 June 1940

Read more here: » Paul Reynaud: Encyclopedia II - Paul Reynaud - Return to government

World War II was primarily fought between two large alliances. The Axis Powers were a group of countries led by Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, and are considered the aggressors of the conflict. The Allies, led by the United Kingdom and, until its defeat, France, were joined in the European theatre by the Soviet Union in June 1941 and by the United States in December 1941. In the Asia-Pacific theatre, the Allies were led by China from the invasion of China by Japan in 1937 and then joined by the United States in 1941 after the Pearl Harbor attack. ...

See also:

Participants in World War II, Participants in World War II - Alliances, Participants in World War II - The Axis, Participants in World War II - The Allies, Participants in World War II - National impacts, Participants in World War II - Afghanistan, Participants in World War II - Albania, Participants in World War II - Andorra, Participants in World War II - Argentina, Participants in World War II - Australia, Participants in World War II - Austria, Participants in World War II - Bahrain, Participants in World War II - Belgium, Participants in World War II - Bolivia, Participants in World War II - Brazil, Participants in World War II - Bulgaria, Participants in World War II - Canada, Participants in World War II - Ceylon, Participants in World War II - Chile, Participants in World War II - China, Participants in World War II - Colombia, Participants in World War II - Costa Rica, Participants in World War II - Cuba, Participants in World War II - Czechoslovakia, Participants in World War II - Denmark, Participants in World War II - Dominican Republic, Participants in World War II - Ecuador, Participants in World War II - Egypt, Participants in World War II - El Salvador, Participants in World War II - Estonia, Participants in World War II - Ethiopia, Participants in World War II - Fiji, Participants in World War II - Finland, Participants in World War II - France, Participants in World War II - Germany, Participants in World War II - Greece, Participants in World War II - Guatemala, Participants in World War II - Haiti, Participants in World War II - Honduras, Participants in World War II - Hong Kong, Participants in World War II - Hungary, Participants in World War II - India, Participants in World War II - Indonesia, Participants in World War II - Iran, Participants in World War II - Iraq, Participants in World War II - Ireland, Participants in World War II - Italy, Participants in World War II - Japan, Participants in World War II - Latvia, Participants in World War II - Lebanon, Participants in World War II - Liberia, Participants in World War II - Liechtenstein, Participants in World War II - Lithuania, Participants in World War II - Luxembourg, Participants in World War II - Malaya, Participants in World War II - Malta, Participants in World War II - Manchukuo, Participants in World War II - Mexico, Participants in World War II - Monaco, Participants in World War II - Mongolia, Participants in World War II - Morocco, Participants in World War II - Nepal, Participants in World War II - Netherlands, Participants in World War II - New Zealand, Participants in World War II - Nicaragua, Participants in World War II - Norway, Participants in World War II - Oman, Participants in World War II - Panama, Participants in World War II - Paraguay, Participants in World War II - Peru, Participants in World War II - Philippines, Participants in World War II - Poland, Participants in World War II - Portugal, Participants in World War II - Romania, Participants in World War II - San Marino, Participants in World War II - Saudi Arabia, Participants in World War II - Singapore, Participants in World War II - South Africa, Participants in World War II - Soviet Union, Participants in World War II - Spain, Participants in World War II - Sweden, Participants in World War II - Switzerland, Participants in World War II - Syria, Participants in World War II - Tannu Tuva, Participants in World War II - Thailand, Participants in World War II - Tonga, Participants in World War II - Transjordan, Participants in World War II - Turkey, Participants in World War II - United Kingdom, Participants in World War II - United States of America, Participants in World War II - Uruguay, Participants in World War II - Venezuela, Participants in World War II - Vichy France, Participants in World War II - Yemen, Participants in World War II - Yugoslavia

Read more here: » Participants in World War II: Encyclopedia II - Participants in World War II - Alliances

A vast post-apocalyptic science fiction literature exists describing the likely aftermath of either, describing the impact of weapons of mass destruction. None of it describes a very happy world. Many science fiction works are also set in a far future in which a WWIII-type conflict is a historical event. The genre of post-apocalyptic science fiction often uses post-World War III scenarios. Such stories were found mostly in Western science fiction publications; Soviet writers were discouraged from writing them. ...

See also:

World War III, World War III - Historical scenarios, World War III - Historical close calls, World War III - Preparations for war, World War III - Use of the term, World War III - Cold War, World War III - Gulf War, World War III - War on Terrorism, World War III - Technological causes of WW3, World War III - Artistic treatments, World War III - Film and television, World War III - Literature, World War III - Computer games, World War III - Music

Read more here: » World War III: Encyclopedia II - World War III - Artistic treatments