French Fifth Republic

The impetus behind the creation of the Fifth Republic was the Algerian Crisis. Although France had since parted with many of its colonies, such as many of those in West Africa and Southeast Asia, it still retained Algeria, which had a large French population which opposed decolonization. Algeria eventually became independent on July 5, 1962. Charles de Gaulle used the crisis as an opportunity to create a new French government with a stronger office of president, which before was largely that of a figurehead. French presidents, as in p ...

See also:

French Fifth Republic, French Fifth Republic - Foundation by Charles de Gaulle, French Fifth Republic - After De Gaulle

Read more here: » French Fifth Republic: Encyclopedia II - French Fifth Republic - Foundation by Charles de Gaulle

Union of Democrats for the Republic (French : Union des Démocrates pour la République), also known as the Gaullist Party was a political party of France. It was the successor to Charles de Gaulle's earlier party, Rassemblement du Peuple Français, and was organised in 1958, along with the founding of the French Fifth Republic. It was founded in 1958 as the Union for the New Republic (UNR), and in 1962 merged with the Democratic Union of Labour, a left-Gaullist group, to become the Un ...

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Republic of Ireland This article is part of the series: Politics of the Republic of Ireland Oireachtas Dáil Éireann Ceann Comhairle: Rory O'Hanlon Seanad Éireann Cathaoirleach: Rory Kiely President: Mary McAleese Council of State Presidential Commission Government Taoiseach: Bertie Ahern Tánaiste: Mary Harne ...

Including:

• Constitution of Ireland - Historical origins
• Constitution of Ireland - Background
• Constitution of Ireland - Drafting process
• Constitution of Ireland - Enactment
• Constitution of Ireland - Legal continuity
• Constitution of Ireland - Main provisions
• Constitution of Ireland - Structure
• Constitution of Ireland - Preamble full text
• Constitution of Ireland - Characteristics of the nation and state
• Constitution of Ireland - National language
• Constitution of Ireland - Organs of government
• Constitution of Ireland - National emergency
• Constitution of Ireland - International relations
• Constitution of Ireland - Individual rights
• Constitution of Ireland - Directive Principles of Social Policy
• Constitution of Ireland - Transitory Provisions
• Constitution of Ireland - Amendments
• Constitution of Ireland - Judicial review
• Constitution of Ireland - Issues of controversy
• Constitution of Ireland - The national territory
• Constitution of Ireland - Religion
• Constitution of Ireland - Alleged sexism
• Constitution of Ireland - A republic?
• Constitution of Ireland - Footnote
• Constitution of Ireland - Obtaining copies

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Head of state or chief of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office which serves as the chief public representative of monarchic or republican nation-state, federation, commonwealth or any other political state. His or her role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted ...

Including:

• Head of state - Constitutional models
• Head of state - Presidential system
• Head of state - Semi-presidential systems
• Head of state - Parliamentary system
• Head of state - Non-executive heads of state
• Head of state - Complications with categorisation
• Head of state - Roles of the head of state
• Head of state - Symbolic role
• Head of state - Chief diplomatic officer
• Head of state - Chief executive officer
• Head of state - Chief appointments officer
• Head of state - Legislative roles
• Head of state - Supreme commander of the military
• Head of state - Summoning and dissolving the legislature
• Head of state - Other prerogatives
• Head of state - Selection and various types and styles of Heads of state
• Head of state - Legitimacy & Term in office
• Head of state - Absent and Substitute heads of state
• Head of state - Theocratic Ecclesiastic and other Religious states
• Head of state - City states and crowned republics
• Head of state - Multiple or collective Heads of State
• Head of state - Curiosa and residual cases
• Head of state - Former heads of state

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The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958, and has been amended 17 times, most recently on March 28, 2003. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, and replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from October 27, 1946. Charles de Gaulle was its main instigator; the constitution was drafted by Michel Debré. Constitution of France - Summary. The preamble of the constitution recalls the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789 and estab ...

Including:

• Constitution of France - Summary
• Constitution of France - Impact with respect to personal freedoms
• Constitution of France - Past constitutions

Read more here: » Constitution of France: Encyclopedia - Constitution of France

See also Popular opposition to the 2003 Iraq War Anti-French sentiment in the United States returned to the fore in the wake of France's refusal to endorse the 2003 US plan to invade Iraq in the UN Security Council. While other nations were also openly opposed to the plan (notably Germany, Russia, Belgium and the People's Republic of China), France was accused of particularly ferocious criticism, because it was seen by invasion proponents as opposing not because of a disagreement over what to do about the situation, but as a way of opposing the United States for the sake of decreasing the di ...

See also:

Anti-French sentiment in the United States, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Before the Second World War, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Post World War II, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - 2003 Iraq War, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - China and Taiwan, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Diplomatic friction, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Cultural friction, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Boycott, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Anti-French sentiment reactions, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Popular anti-French allegations, Anti-French sentiment in the United States - Books & References

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Mitterrand was born in Jarnac, Charente. In his youth he was a staunch conservative and an ardent Catholic. His first political act was to join the ultranationalist Croix de Feu, which he did in preference to the larger but equally conservative Action Française due to the proscription of the latter organisation by the Vatican. Enrolled during WWII, he was made prisoner in 1940 and his political views evolved as he met prisoners from all kinds of social backgrounds. He escaped in 1941 on his second attempt. He then reached the so-called free zone and became an employee of the Vichy gover ...

See also:

François Mitterrand, François Mitterrand - Early career, François Mitterrand - Presidency, François Mitterrand - The Famous Last Meal, François Mitterrand - Scandals and controversies of Mitterrand's presidency and death

Read more here: » François Mitterrand: Encyclopedia II - François Mitterrand - Early career

France in modern times - Geography. In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways : most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870, and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France (a "département") in 1848. France would reacquire Alsace-Lorraine at the end of World War I and lose them again, temporarily, to Germany during World War II. Calls for Algerian indepedence became common ...

See also:

France in modern times, France in modern times - France and the French in the 20th century, France in modern times - Geography, France in modern times - Demographics, France in modern times - French Identity, France in modern times - Historical Overview, France in modern times - From World War I to World War II, France in modern times - The Post-War Period, France in modern times - French colonies, France in modern times - Literature, France in modern times - Art

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France has an original system with an executive branch headed by two officials: the President and the Prime Minister. Government of France - President of the Republic. Main article: President of France Under the constitution, the President was originally elected for a seven-year term; this has been reduced to five years. The President names the Prime Minister, presides over the gouvernement (cabinet of ministers), commands the armed forces, and concludes treaties. The President may submit questions to n ...

See also:

Government of France, Government of France - Constitution, Government of France - Executive branch, Government of France - President of the Republic, Government of France - The gouvernement, Government of France - Executive-issued regulations and legislation, Government of France - Internal limits of the executive branch; checks and balances, Government of France - Organization of government services, Government of France - Legislative branch, Government of France - National Assembly, Government of France - Senate, Government of France - Legislation adoption procedures, Government of France - Budget, Government of France - Multiple mandates, Government of France - Economic and Social Council, Government of France - Judiciary, Government of France - Judicial Order, Government of France - Administrative Order, Government of France - Constitutional Council, Government of France - Financial jurisdictions, Government of France - Ombudsman, Government of France - French law, Government of France - Basic principles, Government of France - Statute law vs executive regulations, Government of France - Hierarchy of norms, Government of France - Local government

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Cohabitation government - France. Cohabitation was a product of the French Fifth Republic. This constitution brought together a potent President position with manifold executive powers, and a strong parliament with a Prime Minister. The president's task was primarily to end deadlock and act decisively to avoid the stagnation prevalent under the French Fourth Republic; the Prime Minister, similarly, was to "direct the work of government", providing a strong leadershi ...

See also:

Cohabitation government, Cohabitation government - Cohabitation in Practice, Cohabitation government - France, Cohabitation government - Bibliography

Read more here: » Cohabitation government: Encyclopedia II - Cohabitation government - Cohabitation in Practice

History of France - Gaul. Settled mainly by Celtic peoples (that the Romans referred to as the "Gauls"), and apart from a shrinking area of Basque population in the southwest and Ligurian population on the southern coast, the area of modern France comprised the bulk of the region of Gaul (Latin: Gallia) under the rule of the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. Hi ...

See also:

History of France, History of France - Historical Overview, History of France - Gaul, History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages, History of France - France in the Middle Ages, History of France - Early Modern France, History of France - France in the Nineteenth Century, History of France - France In Modern Times

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After Charles de Gaulle had the constitution of the French Fifth Republic adopted in 1958, France was ruled by successive right-wing administrations until 1981. Throughout the 1960s, left-wing parties fared rather badly in national elections. The successive governments generally applied the Gaullist program of national independence, and modernization in a dirigiste fashion. The Gaullist government, however, was criticized for its heavy-handedness: while elections were free, the state had a monopoly on radio and TV broadcasting and sou ...

See also:

Politics of France, Politics of France - French politics under the Fifth Republic, Politics of France - Recent French politics, Politics of France - Political groups in France, Politics of France - Political parties, Politics of France - Political pressure groups and leaders

Read more here: » Politics of France: Encyclopedia II - Politics of France - French politics under the Fifth Republic

CFA franc - Creation. The CFA franc was created on December 26, 1945, along with the CFP franc. The reason for the creation of these francs was the weakness of the French franc immediately after the Second World War. When France ratified the Bretton Woods Agreement in December 1945, the French franc was devalued in order to set a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar. New currencies were created in the French colonies to spare them the strong devaluation of December 1945. René Pleven, the French minister of fin ...

See also:

CFA franc, CFA franc - Name, CFA franc - History, CFA franc - Creation, CFA franc - Exchange rate, CFA franc - Countries and other territories, CFA franc - European Monetary Union, CFA franc - Institutions, CFA franc - West African, CFA franc - Central African, CFA franc - Denominations, CFA franc - Current XOF/XAF exchange rates

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The Croatian parliament is defined as a representative body of the people and is vested with the legislative power. The most important function of the parliament is to make laws and to amend the Constitution. The People's Ombudsman, as a commissioner of the Croatian Parliament, shall protect the constitutional and legal rights of citizens in proceedings before the state administration and bodies vested with pu ...

See also:

Constitution of Croatia, Constitution of Croatia - Historical foundations, Constitution of Croatia - Basic provisions, Constitution of Croatia - Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Constitution of Croatia - Organization of Government, Constitution of Croatia - The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia, Constitution of Croatia - Local and regional self-government, Constitution of Croatia - International relations, Constitution of Croatia - Amending the Constitution

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Various Heads of State use(d) a multitude of different styles and titles, often with many variations in content under diverse constitutions, even in a given state. In numerous cases, two or more of the following peculiar types apply, not counting the primary duo monarchy-republic. In a monarchy, the monarch is the head of state. This is a relatively recent phenomenon; until the last few decades a sovereign was seen as the personal embodiment of the state, and therefore could not be head of themselves (hence many constitutions from the ...

See also:

Head of state, Head of state - Constitutional models, Head of state - Presidential system, Head of state - Semi-presidential systems, Head of state - Parliamentary system, Head of state - Non-executive heads of state, Head of state - Complications with categorisation, Head of state - Roles of the head of state, Head of state - Symbolic role, Head of state - Chief diplomatic officer, Head of state - Chief executive officer, Head of state - Chief appointments officer, Head of state - Legislative roles, Head of state - Supreme commander of the military, Head of state - Summoning and dissolving the legislature, Head of state - Other prerogatives, Head of state - Selection and various types and styles of Heads of state, Head of state - Legitimacy & Term in office, Head of state - Absent and Substitute heads of state, Head of state - Theocratic Ecclesiastic and other Religious states, Head of state - City states and crowned republics, Head of state - Multiple or collective Heads of State, Head of state - Curiosa and residual cases, Head of state - Former heads of state

Read more here: » Head of state: Encyclopedia II - Head of state - Selection and various types and styles of Heads of state

Various Heads of State use a multitude of different styles and titles, often with many variations in content under diverse constitutions, even in a given state. In numerous cases, two or more of the following peculiar types apply, not counting the primary duo monarchy-republic. In a monarchy, the monarch is the head of state. This is a relatively recent phenomenon; until the last few decades a sovereign was seen as the personal embodiment of the state, and therefore could not be head of themselves (hence many constitutions from the 19 ...

See also:

Head of state, Head of state - Constitutional models, Head of state - Presidential system, Head of state - Semi-presidential systems, Head of state - Parliamentary system, Head of state - Non-executive heads of state, Head of state - Complications with categorisation, Head of state - Roles of the head of state, Head of state - Symbolic role, Head of state - Chief diplomatic officer, Head of state - Chief executive officer, Head of state - Chief appointments officer, Head of state - Legislative roles, Head of state - Supreme commander of the military, Head of state - Summoning and dissolving the legislature, Head of state - Other prerogatives, Head of state - Selection and various types and styles of Heads of state, Head of state - Legitimacy & Term in office, Head of state - Absent and Substitute heads of state, Head of state - Theocratic Ecclesiastic and other Religious states, Head of state - City states and crowned republics, Head of state - Multiple or collective Heads of State, Head of state - Curiosa and residual cases, Head of state - Former heads of state

Read more here: » Head of state: Encyclopedia II - Head of state - Selection and various types and styles of Heads of state

The preamble of the constitution recalls the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789 and establishes France as a secular and democratic republic, deriving its sovereignty from the people. It provides for the election of the President and the Parliament, the selection of the Government, and the powers of each and the relations between them. It ensures judicial authority and creates a High Court of Justice, a Constitutional Council, and an Economic and Social Council. It was ...

See also:

Constitution of France, Constitution of France - Summary, Constitution of France - Impact with respect to personal freedoms, Constitution of France - Past constitutions

Read more here: » Constitution of France: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of France - Summary

Auriol was born in Revel, Haute-Garonne on August 27, 1884, the son of a butcher. He earned a law degree at the Collège de Revel in 1904 and began his career as a lawyer in Toulouse. A committed socialist, Auriol co-founded the newspaper Le Midi Socialiste in 1908; he was head of the Association of Journalists in Toulouse at this time. Auriol entered the Chamber of Deputies as a socialist in 1914 as a representative for Muret; a year later he was elected mayor of Toulouse. After the breakup of the Parti Socialiste Unifé in 1920, Auriol became a founding member of the socialist SFIO party, opposed to the ...

See also:

Vincent Auriol, Vincent Auriol - Early life and politics, Vincent Auriol - Postwar life and presidency

Read more here: » Vincent Auriol: Encyclopedia II - Vincent Auriol - Early life and politics

Constitution of Ireland - Structure. The official text of the constitution consists of a Preamble and fifty articles arranged under sixteen headings. Its overall length is approximately 16,000 words. When adopted, it also included a number of Transitory Provisions. However these are now likely to be of no legal effect and have been omitted from all official texts since 1941. The headings are: 1. The Nation (1-3) 2. The State (4-11) 3. The President (12-14) 4. The National P ...

See also:

Constitution of Ireland, Constitution of Ireland - Historical origins, Constitution of Ireland - Background, Constitution of Ireland - Drafting process, Constitution of Ireland - Enactment, Constitution of Ireland - Legal continuity, Constitution of Ireland - Main provisions, Constitution of Ireland - Structure, Constitution of Ireland - Preamble full text, Constitution of Ireland - Characteristics of the nation and state, Constitution of Ireland - National language, Constitution of Ireland - Organs of government, Constitution of Ireland - National emergency, Constitution of Ireland - International relations, Constitution of Ireland - Individual rights, Constitution of Ireland - Directive Principles of Social Policy, Constitution of Ireland - Transitory Provisions, Constitution of Ireland - Amendments, Constitution of Ireland - Judicial review, Constitution of Ireland - Issues of controversy, Constitution of Ireland - The national territory, Constitution of Ireland - Religion, Constitution of Ireland - Alleged sexism, Constitution of Ireland - A republic?, Constitution of Ireland - Footnote, Constitution of Ireland - Obtaining copies

Read more here: » Constitution of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of Ireland - Main provisions

History of France - Gaul. Main articles: Gaul and Roman Gaul Settled mainly by Celtic peoples (that the Romans referred to as the "Gauls"), and apart from a shrinking area of Basque population in the southwest and Ligurian population on the southern coast, the area of modern France comprised the bulk of the region of Gaul (Latin: Gallia) under the rule of the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages. See also:

History of France, History of France - Historical Overview, History of France - Gaul, History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages, History of France - France in the Middle Ages, History of France - Early Modern France, History of France - France in the Nineteenth Century, History of France - France In Modern Times

Read more here: » History of France: Encyclopedia II - History of France - Historical Overview