Proponents of academic freedom believe that the freedom of inquiry by students and faculty members is essential to the pursuit of truth. Academic communities are repeatedly targeted for repression due to their ability to shape and control the flow of information. When scholars attempt to teach or communicate ideas or facts that are inconvenient to external political groups or to authorities, they may find themselves targeted for public villification, job loss, imprisonment, or even death. In North Africa, a professor of public health discove ...

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Academic freedom, Academic freedom - The rationale for academic freedom, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for students, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for professors, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for colleges and universities, Academic freedom - Academic freedom and the First Amendment, Academic freedom - Controversies, Academic freedom - Public utterances and academic freedom, Academic freedom - The Academic bill of rights

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Philosophers have identified a positive and negative aspect to the concept of "freedom". "Positive freedom" may generally be defined as the ability of an individual to act to fulfill their potential (see positive liberty). "Negative freedom" may generally be defined as the absence of constraint upon an individual (see negative liberty). For example, according to Thomas Hobbes an individual is free to act when the law does not prohibit an act or is otherwise silent on the matter. Isaiah Berlin and others examined the difference between the positive and negati ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Famous sayings

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Historically "freedom of religion" has been used by academia to define different theological systems of belief, while "freedom of worship" was originally defined as individual action. During history some countries have accepted some form of freedom of worship, though in actual practice that theoretical freedom was limited through punitive taxation, repressive social legislation and political disenfranchisement. Compare examples of individual freedom in Poland or the Muslim tradition of dhimmis, literally "protected individuals" professing an officially tolerated non-Muslim r ...

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Freedom of religion, Freedom of religion - Freedom of religion in History, Freedom of religion - Antiquity, Freedom of religion - United States of America, Freedom of religion - France, Freedom of religion - International Law, Freedom of religion - Literature

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Asymptotic freedom can be derived by calculating the beta-function describing the variation of the theory's coupling constant under the renormalization group. For sufficiently short distances or large exchanges of momentum (which probe short-distance behavior, roughly because of the inverse relation between a quantum's momentum and wavelength), an asymptotically free theory is amenable to perturbation theory calculations using Feynman diagrams. Such situations are therefore more theoretically tractable than the long-distance, strong-coupling behavior also oft ...

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Asymptotic freedom, Asymptotic freedom - Discovery, Asymptotic freedom - Screening and antiscreening, Asymptotic freedom - Calculating asymptotic freedom, Asymptotic freedom - External link

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In England, the award is thought to have originated with the Freedom of the City of London, first made in 1237. There are still Freemen of the City of London. New Freemen receive a scroll that lists the various privileges they are entitled to. Freemen's children get admission preference at the City of London School, the City of London School for Girls, and the City of London Freemen's School. Also, apocryphally, a Freeman has the right to drive sheep and cattle over London Bridge; and if officers of the City of London Police find a freeman drunk and incapable, they will bundle him into a taxi an ...

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Freedom of the City, Freedom of the City - Freedom of the City of London, Freedom of the City - Freedom of the City in other cities, Freedom of the City - Key to the City, Freedom of the City - Key to the City of New York

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Various groups along the political spectrum naturally differ on what they believe constitutes "true" political freedom; in fact the debate has been demonstrated by the ever-changing content of this article. Germane to the debate are Friedrich Hayek's comments on the meaning of words. It is interesting that, following those comments in his book, he wrote that the most abused words have been "liberty" and "freedom". In libertarianism, freedom is defined in terms of lack of government interference in the individual pursuit of happiness, ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Quotes about political freedom

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Freedom of the press - United States. John Hancock is the first person to write newspapers in the British colonies in North America were published "by authority," that is, under license from and as the mouthpiece of the colonial governors. The first regularly published newspaper was the Boston News-Letter of John Campbell, published weekly beginning in 1704. The early colonial publishers were either postmasters or government printers, and ther ...

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Freedom of the press, Freedom of the press - Basic principles and criteria, Freedom of the press - The media as the fourth branch of government, Freedom of the press - Status of press freedom worldwide, Freedom of the press - Worldwide press freedom index, Freedom of the press - Non-democratic states, Freedom of the press - History, Freedom of the press - United States, Freedom of the press - Implications of new technologies, Freedom of the press - Notes

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The fact that asymptotic freedom is a feature of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the quantum field theory of the interactions of quarks and gluons, was discovered by David Gross, Frank Wilczek, and David Politzer in 1973. For their discovery, Gross, Wilczek and Politzer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004. Asymptotic freedom implies that in high-energy scattering the quarks move within nucleons, such as the neutron and proton, essentially as free, non-interacting particles, and it allows physicists to calculate the cross sections of various events in pa ...

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Asymptotic freedom, Asymptotic freedom - Discovery, Asymptotic freedom - Screening and antiscreening, Asymptotic freedom - Calculating asymptotic freedom, Asymptotic freedom - External link

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Freedom 7 - Backup crew. John Glenn ...

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Freedom 7, Freedom 7 - Crew, Freedom 7 - Backup crew, Freedom 7 - Mission parameters, Freedom 7 - Mission Highlights, Freedom 7 - Reference, Freedom 7 - Mercury Redstone Sub-Orbital Flight Events

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The concept of academic freedom as a right of faculty members (Lehrfreiheit in German) is an established part of German, English, French and American cultures. All three acknowledge the right of a faculty member to pursue research and publish their findings without restraint, but they differ in regard to the professor's freedom in a classroom situation. In the German tradition, professors are free to try to convert their students to their personal viewpoint and philosophical system.^{See also:}

Academic freedom, Academic freedom - The rationale for academic freedom, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for students, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for professors, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for colleges and universities, Academic freedom - Academic freedom and the First Amendment, Academic freedom - Controversies, Academic freedom - Public utterances and academic freedom, Academic freedom - The Academic bill of rights

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Freedom is located at 36°46'9" North, 99°6'48" West (36.769179, -99.113415)GR1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²). 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. ...

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Freedom Oklahoma, Freedom Oklahoma - Geography, Freedom Oklahoma - Demographics

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As in Consciousness Explained, Dennett advertises the controversial nature of his views extensively in advance. He expects hostility from those who fear that a sceptical analysis of freedom will undermine people's belief in the reality of moral considerations; he likens himself to an interfering crow who insists on telling Dumbo he doesn't really need the feather. Dennett's stance on free will is compatibilism with an evolutionary twist – the view that, although in the strict physical sense our actions are pre-determined, we ...

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Freedom Evolves, Freedom Evolves - Synopsis, Freedom Evolves - Reference

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In modern times the expansion of "freedom" around the world is considered by some to be synonymous with increased participation in democratic political systems. During the 20th century overall, there was a dramatic growth in democracy, especially among the more developed countries, and decline in monarchy and colonialism. However, there was also an increase in various types of authoritarian regimes, and currently 33 percent of people ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Famous sayings

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In modern times the expansion of "freedom" around the world is considered by some to be synonymous with increased participation in democratic political systems. During the 20th century overall, there was a dramatic growth in democracy, especially among the more developed countries, and decline in monarchy and colonialism. However, there was also an increase in various types of authoritarian regimes, and currently 33 percent of people ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Quotes about political freedom

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A prominent feature of the English university concept is the freedom to appoint faculty, set standards and admit students. This ideal may be better described as institutional autonomy and is distinct from whatever freedom is granted to students and faculty by the institution. (Kemp, p. 7) The Supreme Court of the United States said that academic freedom means a university can "determine for itself on academic grounds: who may teach what may be taught how it should be taught, and who may be admitted to study." (Reg ...

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Academic freedom, Academic freedom - The rationale for academic freedom, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for students, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for professors, Academic freedom - Academic freedom for colleges and universities, Academic freedom - Academic freedom and the First Amendment, Academic freedom - Controversies, Academic freedom - Public utterances and academic freedom, Academic freedom - The Academic bill of rights

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Hymn to Freedom - Greek original. Σε γνωρίζω από την κόψη του σπαθιού την τρομερή, σε γνωρίζω από την όψη που με βία μετράει τη γη. Απ' τα κόκαλα βγαλμένη των Ελλήνων τα ιερά, και σαν πρώτα ανδρειωμένη, χαίρε, ω χαίρε, Ελευθεριά! Εκεί μέσα εκατοικού ...

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Hymn to Freedom, Hymn to Freedom - Lyrics, Hymn to Freedom - Greek original, Hymn to Freedom - Greek original in traditional spelling as written by Solomos, Hymn to Freedom - Transliteration, Hymn to Freedom - Phonetic Transcription, Hymn to Freedom - Literal English translation, Hymn to Freedom - Poetic English translation, Hymn to Freedom - A different English translation by Rudyard Kipling 1918, Hymn to Freedom - Listen to the lyrics of the Greek National Anthem

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Various groups along the political spectrum naturally differ on what they believe constitutes "true" political freedom; in fact the debate has been demonstrated by the ever-changing content of this article. Germane to the debate are Friedrich Hayek's comments on the meaning of words. It is interesting that, following those comments in his book, he wrote that the most abused words have been "liberty" and "freedom". In libertarianism, freedom is defined in terms of lack of government interference in the individual pursuit of happiness, ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Famous sayings

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Freedom of the press - United States. Main article: Freedom of speech in the United States John Hancock is the first person to write newspapers in the British colonies in North America were published "by authority," that is, under license from and as the mouthpiece of the colonial governors. The first regularly published newspaper was the Boston News-Letter of John Campbell, published weekly beginning in 1704. The early colonial publishers were either postmasters or government printers, and ther ...

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Freedom of the press, Freedom of the press - Basic principles and criteria, Freedom of the press - The media as the fourth branch of government, Freedom of the press - Status of press freedom worldwide, Freedom of the press - Worldwide press freedom index, Freedom of the press - Non-democratic states, Freedom of the press - History, Freedom of the press - United States, Freedom of the press - Implications of new technologies, Freedom of the press - Notes

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Freedom House has been accused of having a 'right-wing bias'[citation needed] and of compiling unfair ratings[citation needed]. Specific ratings that have been attacked include Cuba's rating of 7-7 as well as Cuba's inclusion in Freedom House's list of the world's 'worst' (most repressive) regimes. Supporters respond that Freedom House is often critical of both the United States (which received a 'declining freedom' designation in 2004) and its traditional allies, such as Saudi Arabia and Israel. Christina Holtz-Bacha has complained that the Freedom House surveys of press fr ...

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Freedom House, Freedom House - History, Freedom House - Organization, Freedom House - Reports, Freedom House - Other Activities, Freedom House - Criticisms, Freedom House - 2006 Ratings, Freedom House - Sub-Saharan Africa, Freedom House - Americas, Freedom House - Asia-Pacific, Freedom House - Central & Eastern Europe & the former Soviet Union, Freedom House - Western Europe, Freedom House - Middle East & North Africa, Freedom House - Related/Disputed Territories

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The airline was established in March 2002, started operations in October 2002 and was the launch customer for the Bombardier CRJ-900. The airline was started in order that Mesa Air Group could fufill its contractual obligations to operate Bombardier CRJ-900 services on behalf of America West Airlines. Establishing Freedom was necessary as Mesa Airlines was operating as US Airways Express under a code share agreement on behalf of US Airways and US Airways' collective bargaining agreement with the Air Line Pilots Association, International (AL ...

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Freedom Airlines, Freedom Airlines - History, Freedom Airlines - Destinations, Freedom Airlines - Fleet

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The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following section: In the future days which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression - everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way - everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will sec ...

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Four Freedoms, Four Freedoms - The Declarations, Four Freedoms - United Nations, Four Freedoms - Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms Paintings, Four Freedoms - Awards

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