Free will is the philosophical doctrine that holds that our choices are ultimately up to ourselves. The phrase "up to ourselves" is vague, and, just like free will itself, admits of a variety of interpretations. Because of this ambiguity, the utility of the concept of free will is questioned by some. Several logically independent questions can be asked about free will. Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism. Determinism holds that each state of affairs is necessitated (determined) by the states of aff ...

Including:

• Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism
• Free will - Moral responsibility
• Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle
• Free will - The science of free will
• Free will - Neurology and psychiatry
• Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour
• Free will - In theology
• Free will - In Christian thought
• Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia - Free will

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism

We generally hold people responsible for their actions, and will say that they deserve praise or blame for what they do. However, many believe moral responsibility to require free will, in other words, the ability to do otherwise. Thus, another important issue is whether we are ever morally responsible, and if so, in what sense. Incompatibilists tend to think that determinism is at odds with moral responsibility. After all, how can one hold someone responsible for an action that could be predicted from the beginning of time? Hard dete ...

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Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Moral responsibility

Biological factors / Choice / Environment Demographics / History Gender role / Gender identity Human sexual behavior / Animal sexuality Critiques of sexual behavior Gay rights / Laws / Same-sex marriage Homophobia / Biphobia / Psychology Medical science / Gay community Two-Spirit / Violence against LGBT people History of the Gay Community Christianit ...

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• Heterosexuality - Etymology
• Heterosexuality - History and demographics
• Heterosexuality - Psychological factors relating to sexuality
• Heterosexuality - Slang
• Heterosexuality - Books

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David Hume (April 26, 1711 – August 25, 1776*) was a philosopher and historian from Scotland. Along with Adam Smith and Thomas Reid, Hume was one of the most important figures in the Scottish Enlightenment. Many regard Hume as the third and most radical of the so-called British Empiricists, after the English John Locke and the Anglo-Irish George Berkeley. Historians most famously see Humean philosophy as a thoroughgoing form of Skepticism, but many commentators have argued that the element of naturalism has no less importance ...

Including:

• David Hume - Career
• David Hume - Legacy
• David Hume - Ideas and impressions
• David Hume - The problem of causation
• David Hume - The problem of induction
• David Hume - The bundle theory of the self
• David Hume - Practical reason: instrumentalism and nihilism
• David Hume - Moral anti-realism and motivation
• David Hume - Free will versus determinism
• David Hume - The is-ought problem
• David Hume - Utilitarianism
• David Hume - The problem of miracles
• David Hume - The design argument
• David Hume - Conservatism and political theory
• David Hume - Works

Read more here: » David Hume: Encyclopedia - David Hume

There are a number of perspectives regarding the fundamental nature and substance of humans. These are by no means mutually exclusive, and the following list is by no means exhaustive: Philosophical naturalism (which includes materialism and rationalism) encompasses a set of views that humans are purely natural phenomena; sophisticated animals that evolved to our present state through natural mechanisms such as evolution. Good and evil are regarded as labels placed on how well individual behaviour conforms to societal expectatio ...

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Human nature, Human nature - Metaphysics and ethics, Human nature - Free will and determinism, Human nature - Spiritual versus natural, Human nature - State of nature, Human nature - Morality, Human nature - Purpose, Human nature - Psychology and biology, Human nature - Tabula rasa, Human nature - Behavioral genetics, Human nature - Human diversity, Human nature - Arguments for invariance, Human nature - Arguments for social malleability, Human nature - Influential views of human nature, Human nature - External reference

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As a general rule, any -ism important enough to be both defended and attacked, probably states or implies a distinctive view about human nature. Platonism, Marxism and Freudianism may serve as examples of this rule. Plato took a conception of reason and the examined life that he learnt from Socrates and built both a metaphysics and, more to our point, an anthropology around it. There was an intellectual soul, resident in the human head, and there was a appetitive beast, resident in the belly and genitals. The duty of the former is to keep the latter tamed and, in time, to ...

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Human nature, Human nature - Metaphysics and ethics, Human nature - Free will and determinism, Human nature - Spiritual versus natural, Human nature - State of nature, Human nature - Morality, Human nature - Purpose, Human nature - Psychology and biology, Human nature - Tabula rasa, Human nature - Behavioral genetics, Human nature - Human diversity, Human nature - Arguments for invariance, Human nature - Arguments for social malleability, Human nature - Influential views of human nature, Human nature - External reference

Read more here: » Human nature: Encyclopedia II - Human nature - Influential views of human nature

A long standing question in philosophy and science is whether there exists an invariant human nature. For those who believe there is a human nature, further questions include: What determines/constrains human nature? To what extent is human nature malleable? How does it vary between people and populations? Since human behavior is diverse, it can be difficult to find absolutely invariant human behaviors that are of interest to philosophers. A lesser (but still scientifically valid) standard for evi ...

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Human nature, Human nature - Metaphysics and ethics, Human nature - Free will and determinism, Human nature - Spiritual versus natural, Human nature - State of nature, Human nature - Morality, Human nature - Purpose, Human nature - Psychology and biology, Human nature - Tabula rasa, Human nature - Behavioral genetics, Human nature - Human diversity, Human nature - Arguments for invariance, Human nature - Arguments for social malleability, Human nature - Influential views of human nature, Human nature - External reference

Read more here: » Human nature: Encyclopedia II - Human nature - Psychology and biology

Though Hume wrote in the 18th century, his work seems still uncommonly relevant in the philosophical disputes of today compared to that of his contemporaries. A summary of some of Hume's most influential work in philosophy might include the following:: David Hume - Ideas and impressions. Hume believes that all human knowledge comes to us through our senses. Our perceptions, as he called them, can be divided into two categories: ideas and impressions. He defines these terms thus in his An Enquiry Concern ...

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David Hume, David Hume - Career, David Hume - Legacy, David Hume - Ideas and impressions, David Hume - The problem of causation, David Hume - The problem of induction, David Hume - The bundle theory of the self, David Hume - Practical reason: instrumentalism and nihilism, David Hume - Moral anti-realism and motivation, David Hume - Free will versus determinism, David Hume - The is-ought problem, David Hume - Utilitarianism, David Hume - The problem of miracles, David Hume - The design argument, David Hume - Conservatism and political theory, David Hume - Works

Read more here: » David Hume: Encyclopedia II - David Hume - Legacy

The theological doctrine of divine foreknowledge is often alleged to be in conflict with free will. After all, if God knows exactly what will happen, right down to every choice one makes, how can one's choices be free? God's already true or timelessly true knowledge about one's choices seems to constrain one's freedom. This problem is related to the Aristotelian problem of the sea-battle: tomorrow there will or will not be a sea-battle. If there will be one, then it was true yesterday that there would be one. Then it would be necessary that ...

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - In theology

Many claim that, in order for a choice to be free in any sense that matters, it must be true that the agent could have done otherwise. They take this principle — van Inwagen calls it the "principle of alternate possibilities" — to be a necessary condition for freedom. The literary critic Isaiah Berlin made much the same point. The claim is that, for example, if a criminal puts a machine in Bob's brain that makes him kill a stranger, his action was not free, for Bob couldn't have done otherwise. Incompatibilists often appeal to thi ...

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle

Throughout the history of science, attempts have been made to answer the question of free will using scientific principles. Early scientific thought often pictured the universe as deterministic, and some thinkers believed that it was simply a matter of gathering sufficient information to be able to predict future events with perfect accuracy. While not mechanistic in the same sense as classical physics, most current scientific theories are also deterministic, by necessity — it is a basic assumption of all scientific endeavours that the future can be predicted. It is also difficult, if not impossible, ...

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - The science of free will

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