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free election | A Wisdom Archive on free election | | free election A selection of articles related to free election | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO free election | | | |  free election: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - National
Commonwealth - Great Britain.
The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England (after the English Civil War) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his successors from 1649 to 1660. It formed the first republic in the English-speaking world, though this quickly devolved into a pseudo-monarchy. The Cromwellian Commonwealth is sometimes referred to as the Old Commonwealth in a British context.
< ...
See also:Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics, Commonwealth - International or Multinational, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth - National, Commonwealth - Great Britain, Commonwealth - Australia, Commonwealth - Dominica, Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland, Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Subnational, Commonwealth - United States, Commonwealth - Fictional Read more here: » Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - National |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History
Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background.
The May 3rd Constitution was a response to the increasingly perilous situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, only a century and a half earlier a major European power and indeed the largest state on the continent. Already two centuries before the May 3rd Constitution, King Zygmunt III's court preacher, the Jesuit Piotr Skarga, had famously condemned the individual and collective weaknesses of the Commonwealth's citizens. Likewise, in the same period, writers ...
See also:Polish Constitution of May 3 1791, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Elective monarchy - Some examples from History In the ancient Kingdom of Rome, the kings were elected by the Assemblies. The Holy Roman Empire was another example of this, in which the Emperor was elected by a small council of nobles called prince-electors.
In Gaelic Order Ireland, a Rí, or king was elected to rule clan lands both large and small. While Rí (king) is used regardless of the size of the territory, in English, the lesser rulers are more commonly called chieftains. The Ard Rí Éireann, or High King of Ireland was also elected from among the provincial kings.
A system of elective monarchy existe ...
See also:Elective monarchy, Elective monarchy - Some examples from History, Elective monarchy - When it was usual, Elective monarchy - Current, Elective monarchy - Elective monarchies in fiction Read more here: » Elective monarchy: Encyclopedia II - Elective monarchy - Some examples from History |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy.
The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Szlachta - History
Szlachta - Etymology.
The Polish word "szlachta" (meaning the "gentle class" or "noble class", an untranslatable term essentially encompassing the idea of gentility or nobility of blood, and treating the English words gentry and nobility as roughly coterminous: a specific nobleman was a "szlachcic," a noblewoman was a "szlachcianka"). Early Polish historians thought it may derive from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings. "Szlachta" is thought by some simply t ...
See also:Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Religious beliefs Read more here: » Szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Szlachta - History |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Stanisław Koniecpolski - Biography
Stanisław Koniecpolski - Childhood.
Stanisław Koniecpolski was born between 1590 and 15941 into the szlachta and magnate family of Koniecpolscy in their seat of Koniecpol. His father was Aleksander Koniecpolski, voivode (palatine) of Sieradz, a staunch supporter of king Sigismund III Vasa of the House of Vasa. His mother was Anna Sroczycka, daughter of Stanisław Sroczycki, voivode of Kamieniec Podolski, who brought into the Koniecpolscy family large estates in Podolia. Stanisław's brothers were Krz ...
See also:Stanisław Koniecpolski, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Biography, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Childhood, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Early career, Stanisław Koniecpolski - New year new war, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Grand Crown Hetman, Stanisław Koniecpolski - The magnate, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Last years, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Notes Read more here: » Stanisław Koniecpolski: Encyclopedia II - Stanisław Koniecpolski - Biography |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - History
Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Background.
The May 3rd Constitution was a response to the increasingly perilous situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, only a century and a half earlier a major European power and indeed the largest state on the continent. Already two centuries before the May 3rd Constitution, King Zygmunt III's court preacher, the Jesuit Piotr Skarga, had famously condemned the individual and collective weaknesses of the Commonwealth's citizens. Likewise, in the same period, writer ...
See also:Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - History, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Background, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Drafting and Adoption, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - The fall, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Legacy, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Features, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Notes Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - History |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - International or Multinational
Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations.
When capitalised, "Commonwealth" refers to the Commonwealth of Nations - formerly the "British Commonwealth" - a loose confederation of nations formerly members of the British Empire (with one exception: Mozambique). The Commonwealth's membership includes both republics and monarchies and the (appointed, not hereditary) head of the Commonwealth of Nations is Queen Elizabeth II. She also reigns as monarch directly in a number of states, known as Commonwealth Realms, notably ...
See also:Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics, Commonwealth - International or Multinational, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth - National, Commonwealth - Great Britain, Commonwealth - Australia, Commonwealth - Dominica, Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland, Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Subnational, Commonwealth - United States, Commonwealth - Fictional Read more here: » Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - International or Multinational |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics The original phrase "common wealth" or "the common weal" is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica ('public matters'), from which the word republic comes, which was itself used as a synonym for the greek politeia as well as for the republican (i.e. non-monarchical) Roman constitution (in legal theory still in force during the empire, see Principate).
The English noun Commonwealth dates originally from the fifteenth century and in different contexts indicates:
a political unit ...
See also:Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics, Commonwealth - International or Multinational, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth - National, Commonwealth - Great Britain, Commonwealth - Australia, Commonwealth - Dominica, Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland, Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Subnational, Commonwealth - United States, Commonwealth - Fictional Read more here: » Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Features King Stanisław August described the May 3rd Constitution, according to a contemporary account, as "founded principally on those of England and the United States of America, but avoiding the faults and errors of both, and adapt[ed] as much as possible to the local and particular circumstances of the country." Indeed, the Polish and American national constitutions reflected similar Enlightenment influences, including Montesquieu's advocacy of a separation and balance of powers among the three branches of government — so that, in the words o ...
See also:Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - History, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Background, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Drafting and Adoption, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - The fall, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Legacy, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Features, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Notes Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Features |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, with smaller pieces in Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova.
While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater whole — the Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts:
the Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown"; a ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs). Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Szlachta - Szlachta culture The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved toward a partial democracy (and eventually, anarchy).
Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, they formed some 8-10% of the population ...
See also:Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Religious beliefs Read more here: » Szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Szlachta - Szlachta culture |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features King Stanisław August described the May 3rd Constitution, according to a contemporary account, as "founded principally on those of England and the United States of America, but avoiding the faults and errors of both, and adapt[ed] as much as possible to the local and particular circumstances of the country." Indeed, the Polish and American national constitutions reflected similar Enlightenment influences, including Montesquieu's advocacy of a separation and balance of powers among the three branches of government — so that, in the words o ...
See also:Polish Constitution of May 3 1791, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia II - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - Subnational
Commonwealth - United States.
Four states in the United States officially designate themselves "commonwealths": Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. See Commonwealth or State?
"Commonwealth" is also used in the U.S. to describe the political relationship between the United States and the overseas unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico and of the Northern Marianas (See also: Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics, Commonwealth - International or Multinational, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth - National, Commonwealth - Great Britain, Commonwealth - Australia, Commonwealth - Dominica, Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland, Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Subnational, Commonwealth - United States, Commonwealth - Fictional Read more here: » Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth - Subnational |
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| | | | free election: Encyclopedia II - Elective monarchy - Current Currently, the world's only true "elective monarchies" are:
Vatican City, where the Pope is elected to a life term by (and usually from) the College of Cardinals
Malaysia, where the King or Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term. Nine hereditary rulers form a Council of Rulers who will determine the next King. They use a system of rotation, originally based on seniority, and varied by the council and the decision is made via a secret ballot amongst the council members.
Samoa, where the eventual su ...
See also:Elective monarchy, Elective monarchy - Some examples from History, Elective monarchy - When it was usual, Elective monarchy - Current, Elective monarchy - Elective monarchies in fiction Read more here: » Elective monarchy: Encyclopedia II - Elective monarchy - Current |
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