Frederick II of Prussia - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Frederick Ii Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Frederick Ii Of Prussia - Early Years
He was born in Berlin, the son of Frederick William I, the so-called "Soldier-King," who created a formidable army and efficient civil se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frederick Ii Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Frederick Ii Of Prussia - Early Years
He was born in Berlin, the son of Frederick William I, the so-called "Sergeant-King," who created a formidable army and efficient civil s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frederick Ii Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Frederick Ii Of Prussia - Early Years
He was born in Berlin, the son of Frederick William I, the so-called "Soldier-King," who created a formidable army and efficient civil se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frederick Ii Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Frederick Ii Of Prussia - Early Years
He was born in Berlin, the son of Frederick William I, the so-called "Soldier-King," who created a formidable army and efficient civil se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1797: Encyclopedia - 1797
1797 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voltaire: Encyclopedia - Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (November 21, 1694 – May 30, 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire (also called The Dictator of Letters),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia - Jacobitism
This article concerns the political movement supporting the restoration of the House of Stuart, not the earlier Jacobean period. For deta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia - Anti-semitism
Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August 17: Encyclopedia - August 17
August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 136 days remaining. August 17 - Events...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1715: Encyclopedia - 1715
1715 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Maria Theresa of Austria succeeded her father Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in his Habsb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - House Of Bourbon: Encyclopedia - House Of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August 25: Encyclopedia - August 25
August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. August 25 - Events. 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology
The validity of astrology is a controversial subject. The case for and the case against astrology's objective validity are presented here...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1756: Encyclopedia - 1756
1756 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - What Is Enlightenment?: Encyclopedia - What Is Enlightenment?
"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" is the title of a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 edit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Silesia - History
Silesia - Early people. Silesia was inhabited by various people that belonged to changing archeological cultures in the Stone, Bronze, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Validity Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Validity Of Astrology - Arguments Against Astrology
There is no viable conventional scientific case for astrology, and there are currently no credible scientists who support the idea. Here ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - Naval Operations
The naval operations of this war were languid and confused. They are complicated by the fact that they were entangled with the Spanish wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Seven Years' War: Encyclopedia Ii - Seven Years' War - European Theatre
In the European theatre, Prussia was outnumbered, but not outclassed, by her opponents. Prussia was a small state, but as one historian r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-semitism - Religious Antisemitism
Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. The New Testament is a collection of 'books' written by various authors. Most of thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - House Of Bourbon: Encyclopedia Ii - House Of Bourbon - The Early Bourbon Kings Of France
Henry granted the Edict of Nantes April 13, 1598, establishing Catholicism as an official state religion, but otherwise assuring the Hugu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bar Confederation: Encyclopedia Ii - Bar Confederation - History
King Stanisław August was at first inclined to mediate between the Confederates and Russia, represented by his envoy to Warsaw, Prince N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voltaire: Encyclopedia Ii - Voltaire - Biography
Voltaire - Early Years. Voltaire's mother died when he was seven years old. At age nine, he was sent to the Jesuit Collège Louis-le-Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1797: Encyclopedia Ii - 1797 - Events
1797 - Ongoing events. French Revolution (1789-1799) French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-First Coalition ... See also:1797, 1797 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Partitions Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Partitions Of Poland - History
Partitions of Poland - Prelude. One could characterise Poland-Lithuania before the partitions as already not a completely sovereign sta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Germans: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Germans - Politicians
List of Germans - Chancellors of Germany before 2nd World War. Gustav Stresemann, (1878-1929), chancellor and statesman of the Weimar ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Line Of Succession To The British Throne: Encyclopedia Ii - Line Of Succession To The British Throne - Line Of Succession
Anyone who is a Catholic or who marries one is excluded from the throne under the Act of Settlement 1701. For the earlier part of the lis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Joseph Ii Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Ii Holy Roman Emperor - Joseph As Heir And Co-regent
Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa gave orders that he was only to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Xv Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Xv Of France - The Regency Of The Duke Of Orléans
Towards the end of August 1715, Louis XIV was dying of gangrene. On August 26 he called his five-year-old great-grandson Louis to his bed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maria Theresa Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - Maria Theresa Of Austria - Personal Life
Maria Theresa of Austria - Family. Her Imperial and Royal Highness Maria Theresa, Princess Imperial and Archduchess of Austria, Princes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Joseph Ii Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Ii Holy Roman Emperor - Joseph As Heir And Co-regent
Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa gave orders that he was only to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Language - Linguistic Hypotheses
A fundamental problem of language origin is the Continuity Paradox: language acquisition apparently only occurs in situations involving p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution
Some historians of science point to his important works in biology as significant precursors in the development of evolutionary theories,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frederick: Encyclopedia Ii - Frederick - People
Frederick is also a common male forename. It has been the name of several monarchs, often shared by different members from the same dynas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - On War: Encyclopedia Ii - On War - Synopsis
Among many strands of thought, three stand out as essential to Clausewitz' concept: War must never be seen as a purpose to itself, but a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikita Ivanovich Panin: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikita Ivanovich Panin - Catherine's Reign
Panin supported Catherine when she overthrew her husband, Tsar Peter III, and declared herself empress in 1762, but his jealousy of the i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843-1806
The Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern part of the Carolingian Empire after its division in the Treaty of Verdun of 843, and last...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia Ii - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution
Some historians of science point to his important works in biology as significant precursors in the development of evolutionary theories,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pierre Prévost: Encyclopedia Ii - Pierre Prévost - Life
Son of a protestant clergyman in Geneva, he was born in that city, and was educated for a clerical career. However, he abandoned it for l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Musical Offering: Encyclopedia Ii - The Musical Offering - The Music
The Musical Offering - The theme from the king. The collection has its roots in a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on May 7, 1747....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - Naval Operations
The naval operations of this war were languid and confused. They are complicated by the fact that they were entangled with the Spanish wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Princess Amelia Sophia Of Great Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Princess Amelia Sophia Of Great Britain - Early Life
Princess Amelia was born in Schloss Herrenhausen, Hanover, Germany. Her father was The Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later Ki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meißen Porcelain: Encyclopedia Ii - Meißen Porcelain - Artistic Development
August II charged first Johann Jakob Irminger with the design of new vessels. In 1720 Johann Gregorius Höroldt became the director and i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Luc De Clapiers Marquis De Vauvenargues: Encyclopedia Ii - Luc De Clapiers Marquis De Vauvenargues - Life
He was born in Aix-en-Provence. His family was poor though noble; he was educated at the college of Aix, where he learned little — neit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geldern: Encyclopedia Ii - Geldern - History
Geldern - Dragon legend. According to folk legend, local noblemen Wichard and Lupold of Pont fought a fire-breathing dragon around 878....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - History
French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul. The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Befor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Military Campaigns And Jacobitism
This section focusses on the political context. For military aspects of these campaigns see the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite Ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - The Habsburg Monarchy 13th Century–1918
Also see: Habsburg Monarchy History of Austria - Beginnings 1278-1526. Following the extinction of the Babenbergs in the 13th century, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - Partitions
The efforts of the dukes to increase their power and to give unity to the duchy had met with a fair measure of success; but they were soo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Carteret 2nd Earl Granville: Encyclopedia Ii - John Carteret 2nd Earl Granville - Diplomat
Carteret's interests were however in foreign, and not in domestic policy. His serious work in public life began with his appointment, ear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques De Vaucanson: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques De Vaucanson - Career As Inventor Of Automatons
In 1737, he built his first automaton, The Flute Player, a life-size figure of a shepherd that played the tabor and the pipe and had a re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - History
French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul. The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Befor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-ryumin: Encyclopedia Ii - Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-ryumin - Grand Chancellor Of The Russian Empire
Bestuzhev's chance came when the empress Elizabeth, immediately after her accession (December 6, 1741), summoned him back to court, and a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - History
French language - The Roman invasion of Gaul. The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Befor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-semitism - Religious Antisemitism
Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. Christian theology rooted in Roman Catholic theology was stimulated by the tradition...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants To The Thrones Of England, Scotland, France, And Ireland
Since Henry's death, none of the Jacobite heirs has actually claimed the throne. They are as follows (given with their Jacobite regnal ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Religion, Politics And Adventurers
While Jacobitism was closely linked with Roman Catholicism from the outset particularly in Ireland, elsewhere in Britain Catholics were i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Jacobite Community, Ideology And Policy
From its religious roots, Jacobite ideology was passed on through committed families of the nobility and gentry who would have pictures o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Duchy During The Ottonian And Salian Periods
In 920 Conrad's successor as German king, Henry the Fowler of the Ottonian dynasty, recognized Arnulf as duke, confirming his right to ap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Duchy During The Carolingian Period
The history of Bavaria for the ensuing century intertwines with that of the Carolingian empire. Given at the partition of 817 to the king...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - Geographic Fluctuations
During the years following the dissolution of the Carolingian empire the borders of Bavaria changed continually, and for a lengthy period...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Electorate
Whatever lustre the international position won by Maximilian I might add to the ducal house, on Bavaria itself its effect during the next...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - Revolutionary And Napoleonic
In 1792 French revolutionary armies overran the Palatinate; in 1795 the French, under Moreau, invaded Bavaria itself, advanced to Munich ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Kingdom
Immediately after the first peace of Paris (1814), Bavaria ceded to Austria Tirol and Vorarlberg; during the Congress of Vienna it was de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Reunited Duchy
In spite of the decree of 1506 William IV was compelled in 1516, after a violent quarrel, to grant a share in the government to his broth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - House Of Bourbon: Encyclopedia Ii - House Of Bourbon - List Of Bourbon Rulers
House of Bourbon - Monarchs of France. Dates indicate reigns, not lifetimes. Henry IV, the Great 1589–1610 Louis XIII, the Just 1610...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Wittelsbach Dynasty
A new era began when, in consequence of Henry the Lion being placed under an imperial ban in 1180, Emperor Frederick I awarded the duchy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - Bavaria And The Agilolfings Under Frankish Overlordship
The Bavarians soon came under the dominion of the Franks, probably without a serious struggle. The Franks likely regarded this border are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - The Welfs
In 1070, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy to Count Welf, a member of an influential Bavarian family with roots in nort...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - The First Republic 1918–1934
Also see: First Austrian Republic Following the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, in the Aftermath of World War I the Empire was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - Writing System
French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geldern: Encyclopedia Ii - Geldern - Geography
Geldern - Location. Geldern lies in the plains of the lower, northern Rhineland, west of the Rhine. Its average elevation is 27 m AMSL....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - Vocabulary
The majority of French words derive from vernacular or "vulgar" Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pair...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - Grammar
French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including: the loss of Latin's declensions only two gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frederick: Encyclopedia Ii - Frederick - Meaning
Frederick Origin: Old German Meaning: peaceful ruler ... See also:Frederick, Frederick - Meaning, Frederick - People, Frederick - Monar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Language: Encyclopedia Ii - French Language - Geographic Distribution
La Francophonie is an international organization of French-speaking countries and governments. French language - Legal status in France....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geldern: Encyclopedia Ii - Geldern - Culture And Tourism
Geldern - Buildings. There is an approx. 60 km long cycle path along the Fossa Eugeniana, a never completed canal from the Rhine near R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geldern: Encyclopedia Ii - Geldern - Transport
Geldern - Aviation. Geldern is served by the airports Airport Weeze (20 km) and Düsseldorf International Airport (55 km). Geldern - T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - Part Of Nazi Germany 1938–1945
Main article: Anschluss, Nazi Germany Although the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of St. Germain had explicitly forbidden the unific...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - The Second Republic Since 1945
History of Austria - Allied occupation. Under the Allied Commission established by an agreement on July 4, 1945, the country was occupi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - Early Settlements And Roman Raetia
There are numerous palaeolithic finds in Bavaria. The earliest known inhabitants that are mentioned in written sources were a people, pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - Austrofascism 1934–1938
Main articles: Austrian Civil War, Austrofascism Under the Christian Social Party, the Austrian government was moving towards centralizat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - German Empire
The rapid victory of the Prussians and the wise moderation of Bismarck paved the way for a complete revolution in Bavaria's relation to P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - Early Middle Ages
During the Migration Period, the Slavs migrated into the Alps in the wake of the expansion of their Avar overlords during the 7th century...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Austria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Austria - Babenberg Austria
After the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor Otto the Great in the Battle of Lechfeld (955), new Marches were established in what is today ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Bavaria: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Bavaria - Migrations And Early Medieval Period
During the 5th century the Romans in Noricum and Raetia came under increasing pressure from an influx of foreign peoples. One theory of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Luc De Clapiers Marquis De Vauvenargues: Encyclopedia Ii - Luc De Clapiers Marquis De Vauvenargues - Work
The bulk of Vauvenargues's work is very small, but its interest is very considerable. In the Introduction, in the Reflexions and in the m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Princess Amelia Sophia Of Great Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Princess Amelia Sophia Of Great Britain - Princess Of Great Britain
Under the Act of Settlement 1701, Princess Amelia's grandfather became King of Great Britain on August 1, 1714 following the death of Que...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Princess Amelia Sophia Of Great Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Princess Amelia Sophia Of Great Britain - Later Life
In 1761, she became the owner of Gunnersbury Estate, Middlesex, and at some time between 1777 and 1784, commissioned a bath house—exten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - Frederick Invades Silesia: 1740
Prussia in 1740 was a small, compact and thoroughly organised power. The only recent war service of its army had been in the desultory Rh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikita Ivanovich Panin: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikita Ivanovich Panin - Decline
After 1772, when Gustav III upset Panin's plans in Sweden, Panin, whose policy hitherto had been at least original and independent, becam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of Germany - The Second World War 1939-1945
In September 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland after German special forces staged 'border incidents'. The new German tact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of Germany - The Cold War 1945-1989
Among the legacies of the Nazi era were the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-1949. These established the concept of war crimes in international l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - Silesian Campaign Of 1741
Frederick himself was far away. He had fought in the cavalry mêlée, but after this, when the battle seemed lost, he had been persuaded ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - The Allies In Bohemia
The French duly joined the Bavarian Elector's forces on the Danube and advanced towards Vienna, but the objective was suddenly changed, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - The Campaign Of 1745
The interest of the next campaign centres in the three greatest battles of the war: Hohenfriedberg, Kesselsdorf and Fontenoy. The first e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - Operations In Italy 1745-1747
The campaign in Italy this year was also no mere war of posts. In March 1745 a secret treaty allied the Genoese republic with France, Spa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Musical Offering: Encyclopedia Ii - The Musical Offering - 20th Century Adaptations And Citations
The Musical Offering - Arrangements. The "Ricercar a 6" has been arranged on its own on a number of occasions, the most prominent arran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - The Campaign Of 1744
With 1744 began the Second Silesian War. Frederick of Prussia, disquieted by the universal success of the Austrian cause, secretly conclu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War Of The Austrian Succession: Encyclopedia Ii - War Of The Austrian Succession - The Campaign Of 1743
1743 opened disastrously for the emperor. The French and Bavarian armies were not working well together, and Broglie and Seckendorf had a...   » Read the article