Franz

The origins of the family, probably of Frankish nobility, date back to the time of Charlemagne in the early 9th century when they settled in Lombardy. The first known member of the house was Margrave Adalbert I, known only as father of Otbert I, Count Palatine of Italy, who died around 975. Otbert's great-grandson Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, (996-1097) built a castle at Este, near Padua, and named himself after it. He had three sons from two marriages, two of whom became the ancestors of the two branches of the family: We ...

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Este, Este - Origins, Este - Younger branch, Este - External link

Read more here: » Este: Encyclopedia II - Este - Origins

With Duke Otto III, who was elected King of Hungary as Bela V 1305-1308 the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside the Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Christopher III of the Palatinate branch was king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway 1440/1442-1448. The Palatinate House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654-1720 under Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII and Ulrika Eleonora. Finally the Bava ...

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Wittelsbach, Wittelsbach - Reign in Germany, Wittelsbach - Reign outside Germany, Wittelsbach - Other major members of the family, Wittelsbach - External link

Read more here: » Wittelsbach: Encyclopedia II - Wittelsbach - Reign outside Germany

Jehovah's Witnesses offer literacy programs in countries where there is a need. For example, Witness literacy classes in Nigeria between 1962 and 1994 were attended by upwards of 25,000 persons. In the same country, the literacy rate among Witnesses is over 90%, in contrast to the average of 68% for the population in general. For this purpose, two booklets have been produced: Learn to Read and Write (1958 in Spanish) and Apply ...

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Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Funding, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Evangelism, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Kingdom Halls and Assembly Halls, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Meetings, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Theocratic Ministry School, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Service Meeting, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Public Talk, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Watchtower Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Book Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Memorial of Christ's Death, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - External links, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Neutrality, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Saluting flags, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Military service, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Political activity, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Association, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disfellowshipping excommunication, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Shunning, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Reinstatement after disfellowshipping, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Legal opinion of the practice, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Medicine and health, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Overview of blood-based treatments, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Blood transfusions, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Bloodless surgery, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Other medical treatments with blood-derived components, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Vaccinations, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Organ transplants, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Alternative Medicine and related health practices, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disaster relief, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Literacy programs, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Notes and references

Read more here: » Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses: Encyclopedia II - Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Literacy programs

Although in general respecting the law of the land, Jehovah's Witnesses do not salute flags, sing national anthems, or pledge allegiance to any state or nation. This is not intended as disrespect for any particular nation or for governments; Witnesses recognize the legitimacy of political leaders, believing that they are the 'superior authorities' referred to by the Apostle Paul in Romans 13:1, and are therefore to be respected. Indeed, in many places, the Witnesses have been commended for their law-abiding stance. They make a distinction, h ...

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Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Funding, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Evangelism, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Kingdom Halls and Assembly Halls, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Meetings, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Theocratic Ministry School, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Service Meeting, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Public Talk, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Watchtower Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Book Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Memorial of Christ's Death, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - External links, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Neutrality, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Saluting flags, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Military service, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Political activity, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Association, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disfellowshipping excommunication, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Shunning, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Reinstatement after disfellowshipping, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Legal opinion of the practice, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Medicine and health, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Overview of blood-based treatments, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Blood transfusions, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Bloodless surgery, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Other medical treatments with blood-derived components, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Vaccinations, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Organ transplants, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Alternative Medicine and related health practices, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disaster relief, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Literacy programs, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Notes and references

Read more here: » Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses: Encyclopedia II - Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Neutrality

Jehovah's Witnesses are a close-knit community (members address each other as Brother and Sister) and take seriously the Scriptural injunction to "be no part of the world," thus many are not inclined to socialize with non-members, whom they consider "bad association." Since a Witness has social interactions while on the job or at school, he is encouraged to use these times for witnessing to non-members. Such contacts are often used as opportunities for starting conversations about their beliefs, "informal witnessing," as they call it. ...

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Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Funding, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Evangelism, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Kingdom Halls and Assembly Halls, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Meetings, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Theocratic Ministry School, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Service Meeting, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Public Talk, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Watchtower Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Book Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Memorial of Christ's Death, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - External links, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Neutrality, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Saluting flags, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Military service, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Political activity, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Association, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disfellowshipping excommunication, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Shunning, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Reinstatement after disfellowshipping, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Legal opinion of the practice, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Medicine and health, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Overview of blood-based treatments, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Blood transfusions, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Bloodless surgery, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Other medical treatments with blood-derived components, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Vaccinations, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Organ transplants, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Alternative Medicine and related health practices, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disaster relief, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Literacy programs, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Notes and references

Read more here: » Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses: Encyclopedia II - Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Association

All members are expected to abide by Bible requirements as understood by Jehovah's Witnesses, and serious violations of these requirements can result in disfellowshipping, or excommunication. There are number of offenses, which can result in disfellowshipping. These include: Αbortion, adultery, apostasy, bestiality, blood transfusions, drug abuse (non-medical), drunkenness, extortion, fornication, fraud, gambling, heresy, homosexual activity, idolatry, incest, interfaith, loose conduct^{See also:}

Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Funding, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Evangelism, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Kingdom Halls and Assembly Halls, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Meetings, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Theocratic Ministry School, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Service Meeting, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Public Talk, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Watchtower Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Book Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Memorial of Christ's Death, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - External links, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Neutrality, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Saluting flags, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Military service, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Political activity, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Association, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disfellowshipping excommunication, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Shunning, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Reinstatement after disfellowshipping, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Legal opinion of the practice, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Medicine and health, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Overview of blood-based treatments, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Blood transfusions, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Bloodless surgery, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Other medical treatments with blood-derived components, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Vaccinations, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Organ transplants, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Alternative Medicine and related health practices, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disaster relief, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Literacy programs, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Notes and references

Read more here: » Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses: Encyclopedia II - Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disfellowshipping excommunication

Disaster relief to those within the organization is an important aspect of organizational activities. The organization of such relief is taken care of by the president of the governing body in collaboration with a committee headed by him. (James 2:15-17) One of the Society's branch offices may be asked to take care of the need. The prime focus is on helping fellow believers, although others also receive assistance to some deg ...

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Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Funding, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Evangelism, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Kingdom Halls and Assembly Halls, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Meetings, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Theocratic Ministry School, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Service Meeting, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Public Talk, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Watchtower Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - The Book Study, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Memorial of Christ's Death, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - External links, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Neutrality, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Saluting flags, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Military service, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Political activity, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Association, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disfellowshipping excommunication, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Shunning, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Reinstatement after disfellowshipping, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Legal opinion of the practice, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Medicine and health, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Overview of blood-based treatments, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Blood transfusions, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Bloodless surgery, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Other medical treatments with blood-derived components, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Vaccinations, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Organ transplants, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Alternative Medicine and related health practices, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disaster relief, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Literacy programs, Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Notes and references

Read more here: » Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses: Encyclopedia II - Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses - Disaster relief

While Jacobitism was closely linked with Roman Catholicism from the outset particularly in Ireland, elsewhere in Britain Catholics were in a tiny minority by 1689 and the bulk of Jacobite support came from other groups. Catholics formed about 75% of the population of Ireland, but in England only around 1% and in Scotland about 2%. Jacobitism - Ireland. Irish support for James II was mostly from Catholics, though by taking the French side against the League of Augsburg, he was siding against the Papacy. Wil ...

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Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Political background, Jacobitism - Religion politics and adventurers, Jacobitism - Ireland, Jacobitism - England and Scotland, Jacobitism - The Scottish Highlands, Jacobitism - Opportunists and Adventurers, Jacobitism - Jacobite community ideology and policy, Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland, Jacobitism - Bonnie Dundee, Jacobitism - The Old Pretender's attempted invasion, Jacobitism - Union and Hanoverians, Jacobitism - The 'Fifteen, Jacobitism - Jacobitism in England, Jacobitism - Spanish supported Jacobite invasion, Jacobitism - The Atterbury plot, Jacobitism - Aftermath of the 'Fifteen in Scotland, Jacobitism - The Cornbury plot, Jacobitism - 1744 French invasion attempt, Jacobitism - The 'Forty-Five', Jacobitism - Decline of Jacobitism, Jacobitism - The Elibank plot, Jacobitism - Crushing of the clans, Jacobitism - Henry IX, Jacobitism - Outcome, Jacobitism - Romantic revival, Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England Scotland France and Ireland, Jacobitism - Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria, Jacobitism - Alternative Successions

Read more here: » Jacobitism: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Religion politics and adventurers

The Duke of York was admitted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1668 or 1669. His Protestant enemies in Parliament, led by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, ensured the passage of the Test Act; under the Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required not only to disavow the doctrine of transubstantiation, but also denounce certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church as "superstitious and idolatrous") and receive communion under the auspices of the Church of England. The Duke of York refused to perform both actions, instead choos ...

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James II of England, James II of England - Early life, James II of England - Religion, James II of England - Reign, James II of England - Glorious Revolution, James II of England - Later years, James II of England - Legacy, James II of England - Style and arms, James II of England - Issue, James II of England - Miscellaneous, James II of England - External link

Read more here: » James II of England: Encyclopedia II - James II of England - Religion

A major difference between the neoclassical state architecture of Nazi Germany and neoclassical architecture in other modern countries in Europe and America is that in Germany it was but one facet of a severely authoritarian state. Its dictator aimed to establish architectural order; gridiron town plans, axial symmetry, hierarchical placement of state structure within urban space on a scale intended to reinforce the social and political order desired by the Nazi state, which anticipated the displacement of Christian religion and ethical valu ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion

In (Mein Kampf 1.10), Hitler states that industrialized German cities of his day lacked dominating public monuments and a central focus for community life. In fact, adverse criticism of the rapid industrialization, of German cities after 1870 had already been voiced by other critiques (Krier 219). The ideal Nazi city was not to be too large, since it was to reflect pre-industrial values and its state monuments, the products and symbols of collective effort (Gr.Gemeinschaftsarbeiten), were to be given maximum prominence by being centrally situat ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping

Both the Nazis and the Romans employed architecture of colossal dimensions to overawe and intimidate. Both cultures were preoccupied with architectural monuments that celebrated or glorified a victory ideology: triumphal arches (the largest in the world on Berlin's north-south axis), columns, trophies and a cult of pageantry associated with the subjugation of others. As Albert Speer remarked, when it was safe to do so: "The Romans built arches of triumph to celebrate the big victories won by the Roman Empire, while Hitler built them to cele ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Cult of victory

The Theory of Ruin Value (Gr. Theorie vom Ruinenwert) was conceived by Albert Speer. The theory was an extension of Gottfried Semper's views about using "natural" materials and the avoidance of iron girders. Speer's memoirs reveal Hitler's thoughts about Nazi state architecture in relation to Roman imperial architecture: "Hitler liked to say that the purpose of his building was to transmit his time and its spirit to posterity. Ultimately, all that remained to remind men of the great epochs of history was their monumental ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value

If Hitler planned a dynastic palace/temple complex, did he also, like Augustus and Hadrian, plan to build a "founder's" mausoleum? During Hitler's tour of Paris in June 1940 he visited Les Invalides, where he stood silently gazing upon Napoleon's tomb. In the autumn of 1940 Hitler advised Giesler about the Pantheon and the mausoleum he wanted to build. "Imagine to yourself, Giesler, if Napoleon's sarcophagus were placed beneath a large oculus, like that of the Pantheon" (Giesler 31). He goes on to express an almost mystical delight in the thought that the sarcophagus would be exposed to darkness and light, ra ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum

The number of skilled and unskilled workers required to erect Hitler's increasingly gigantic buildings created a labour problem. When he assumed power in 1933, there were still many unemployed workers in Germany, some of whom were given work on public building schemes that Hitler thought would stimulate a sluggish German economy and at the same time provided him with popular propaganda "Hitler Creates Jobs" (Gr Hitler Schafft Arbeit). The majority of the unemployed were quickly absorbed by the armaments factories and not by the construction ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder

Sculpture was used with Nazi architecture to embody the "German Spirit" of divine destiny. Sculpture expressed the National Socialist obsession with the ideal body and espoused nationalistic, state approved values like loyalty, work, and family. Josef Thorak and Arno Breker were the most famous sculptors of the Nazi regime. Arno Breker was in a certain sense both the best and the worst of the Nazi artists. Nominated as official state sculptor on Hitler's birthday in 1937, his technique was excellent, and his choice of subject, ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Sculpture

Hitler was quite fond of the numerous theatres built by Hermann Helmer and Ferdinand Fellner, who built in the late baroque style. In addition, he appreciated the stricter architects of the nineteenth century such as Gottfried Semper, who built the Dresden Opera House, the Picture Gallery in Dresden, the court museums in Vienna and Theophil Hansen, who designed several buildings in Athens in 1940. He raved about the Pa ...

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Nazi architecture, Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect, Nazi architecture - Three primary roles, Nazi architecture - Stage, Nazi architecture - Symbolic, Nazi architecture - Didactic, Nazi architecture - Cult of victory, Nazi architecture - Berlin's reshaping, Nazi architecture - Architecture as religion, Nazi architecture - Theory of Ruin Value, Nazi architecture - Hitler's mausoleum, Nazi architecture - Sculpture, Nazi architecture - Labour and plunder, Nazi architecture - Nazi Construction, Nazi architecture - Hitler's builders, Nazi architecture - Books, Nazi architecture - Videos

Read more here: » Nazi architecture: Encyclopedia II - Nazi architecture - Hitler the architect

James's younger daughter Anne succeeded to the throne when William III died in 1702. (Mary II had died in 1694.) The Act of Settlement 1701 provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were to be extinguished, then the Crown would go to a distant German cousin, Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and to her Protestant heirs. Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (shortly after Sophia), the ...

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James II of England, James II of England - Early life, James II of England - Religion, James II of England - Reign, James II of England - Glorious Revolution, James II of England - Later years, James II of England - Legacy, James II of England - Style and arms, James II of England - Issue, James II of England - Miscellaneous, James II of England - External link

Read more here: » James II of England: Encyclopedia II - James II of England - Legacy

With Duke Otto III, who was elected King of Hungary as Bela V 1305-1308 the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside the Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Christopher III of the Palatinate branch was king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway 1440/1442-1448. The Palatinate House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654-1720 under Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII and Ulrika Eleonora. Finally the Bava ...

See also:

Wittelsbach, Wittelsbach - Origin, Wittelsbach - Reign in Germany, Wittelsbach - Reign outside Germany, Wittelsbach - Other major members of the family, Wittelsbach - External link

Read more here: » Wittelsbach: Encyclopedia II - Wittelsbach - Reign outside Germany

The Kingdom of France itself had been abolished on September 21, 1792, replaced by the French First Republic. There was no longer a kingdom of France at all, and George III was certainly not its king. In July 1797, during the peace negotiations at the Conference of Lille, the French delegates demanded that the King of Great Britain abandon the title of King of France as a condition of peace. The negotiations wer ...

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English claims to the French throne, English claims to the French throne - Hundred Years' War, English claims to the French throne - The original claimants, English claims to the French throne - Kings of France 1340, English claims to the French throne - Kings of France title resumed 1369, English claims to the French throne - Heirs of France de jure and de facto 1420, English claims to the French throne - Kings of France 1422, English claims to the French throne - Rulers of Calais, English claims to the French throne - The Stuart dynasty claimants, English claims to the French throne - The claimants of Great Britain, English claims to the French throne - Ending the claim, English claims to the French throne - The Jacobite pretenders, English claims to the French throne - The Jacobite successors, English claims to the French throne - Failed claimants

Read more here: » English claims to the French throne: Encyclopedia II - English claims to the French throne - Ending the claim

Following an episode of insanity for Henry VI of England in 1453 and the subsequent outbreak of the Wars of the Roses (1455 - 1487), the English were no longer in any position to pursue their claim to the French throne and lost all their land on the continent, except for Calais. Calais would know the rule of eight more English Kings and Queens of France until 1558: Edward IV of England (March 4, 1461 - April 9, 1483). Edward V of England (April 9 - June 25, 1483). Richard III of England (June 25, 1483 - ...

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English claims to the French throne, English claims to the French throne - Hundred Years' War, English claims to the French throne - The original claimants, English claims to the French throne - Kings of France 1340, English claims to the French throne - Kings of France title resumed 1369, English claims to the French throne - Heirs of France de jure and de facto 1420, English claims to the French throne - Kings of France 1422, English claims to the French throne - Rulers of Calais, English claims to the French throne - The Stuart dynasty claimants, English claims to the French throne - The claimants of Great Britain, English claims to the French throne - Ending the claim, English claims to the French throne - The Jacobite pretenders, English claims to the French throne - The Jacobite successors, English claims to the French throne - Failed claimants

Read more here: » English claims to the French throne: Encyclopedia II - English claims to the French throne - Rulers of Calais