Encyclopedia - François Mitterrand: Encyclopedia Ii - François Mitterrand - Early Career
Mitterrand was born in Jarnac, Charente. In his youth he was a staunch conservative and an ardent Catholic. His first political act was t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1996: Encyclopedia - 1996
1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia - 1990s
The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. Informally, it can also include a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1974: Encyclopedia - 1974
1974 (MCMLXXIV) is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). 1974 - Events. January 5 - Dungeons & Dragons o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philippe Pétain: Encyclopedia Ii - Philippe Pétain - Lists Of The Successive Pétain Governments Until 1942
Philippe Pétain - Pétain's First Government 16 June - 12 July 1940. Philippe Pétain - President of the Council Camille Chautemps - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1916: Encyclopedia - 1916
1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) 1916 - Events. January 1 -The first successful blo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1981: Encyclopedia - 1981
1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. 1981 - Events. January - Sarawak chamber found Januar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980s: Encyclopedia - 1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. Informally, it can a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Algerian War Of Independence: Encyclopedia - Algerian War Of Independence
The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both side...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philippe Pétain: Encyclopedia Ii - Philippe Pétain - World War I
Pétain was a distinguished veteran of World War I and was hailed as a French hero. He was commanding the French forces at the start of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bibliothèque Nationale De France: Encyclopedia - Bibliothèque Nationale De France
The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) is the National Library of France. It is intended to be the repository of all that is publish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aegee: Encyclopedia - Aegee
AEGEE, (French: Association des Etats Généraux des Etudiants de l’Europe), the European Students' Forum, is one of Europe's largest i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - École Polytechnique: Encyclopedia - École Polytechnique
The École polytechnique (the "Polytechnic School"), often nicknamed X, is the foremost of the French Grandes écoles of engineering. Ini...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Brigades: Encyclopedia - Red Brigades
The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse) are a militant group located in Italy. Formed in 1970, the Marxist BR seeked to create a revolutionary s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 20th Century: Encyclopedia - 20th Century
The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar. Common usage sometimes regards it as lasting from 1900 to 1999. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle
General Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle (listen â–¶ (help·info)) (November 22, 1890-November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Valéry Giscard D'estaing: Encyclopedia - Valéry Giscard D'estaing
Valéry Marie René Giscard d'Estaing, de l'Académie française (born February 2, 1926 in Koblenz, Germany) is a French center-right pol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rainbow Warrior: Encyclopedia - Rainbow Warrior
Rainbow Warrior is the name of a series of ships operated by Greenpeace. The first ship was sunk by the French secret service (DGSE) in A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Head Of State: Encyclopedia - Head Of State
Head of state or chief of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office which serves as the chief public representati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia - Vichy France
Vichy France, or the Vichy regime was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II. Now...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Punishment In France: Encyclopedia - Capital Punishment In France
Capital punishment in France was abolished in 1981. The last executions (by guillotine) had taken place in 1977, the last in the then Eur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Channel Tunnel: Encyclopedia - Channel Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel, (French: le tunnel sous la Manche; popularly nicknamed the Chunnel in English, although this has been largely abandon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antonio Negri: Encyclopedia - Antonio Negri
Antonio Negri (1933- ) is a moral and political philosopher from Italy. Negri is perhaps most well-known for his co-authorship of Empire ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1983 Beirut Barracks Bombing: Encyclopedia - 1983 Beirut Barracks Bombing
The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident during the Lebanese Civil War. It occurred on October 23, 1983, in Beirut, Lebanon,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philippe Pétain: Encyclopedia Ii - Philippe Pétain - Post-war Trial And Legacy
In April 1945, Pétain was returned to France, where he was tried for collaboration (or treason), convicted and sentenced to death by fir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philippe Pétain: Encyclopedia Ii - Philippe Pétain - World War Ii And Vichy France
In the spring of 1940, France was invaded by Nazi Germany. After the French defeat, Marshal Pétain was appointed Prime Minister of Franc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jeanne Sauvé: Encyclopedia Ii - Jeanne Sauvé - Governor General
Sauvé had been a longtime sufferer from cancer. In the weeks leading to her inauguration she unexpectedly became ill, and nearly died in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Robert M. Parker Jr.: Encyclopedia Ii - Robert M. Parker Jr. - Books
Parker has written eleven books on wine that have been best sellers not only in the United States, but also in their translated versions ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Paris - Ancient Paris
The area of modern Paris has been inhabited since at least the fourth millennium BC, although little is known about these early inhabitan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greenpeace: Encyclopedia Ii - Greenpeace - Activities
Issues Climate change Renewable energy replacement of nuclear power and fossil fuels Ocean crisis Seabed trawling Fish population decre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socialist Party France: Encyclopedia Ii - Socialist Party France - History
France's first socialist party, the French Workers' Party (Parti Ouvrier Français) was founded in 1880 by Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lionel Jospin: Encyclopedia Ii - Lionel Jospin - Studies And Early Political Career
Lionel Jospin was born to a Protestant family in Meudon, a suburb of Paris. He studied at Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris and the Ã...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Le Plus Grand Français: Encyclopedia Ii - Le Plus Grand Français - The Greatest Frenchman Of All Time
Le Plus Grand Français - Source. France 2 ... See also:Le Plus Grand Français, Le Plus Grand Français - The Greatest Frenchman o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reserve Power: Encyclopedia Ii - Reserve Power - Constitutional Monarchs
Heads of state in countries with either an uncodified and partly unwritten constitution (such as the United Kingdom) or a wholly written ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sinking Of The Rainbow Warrior: Encyclopedia Ii - Sinking Of The Rainbow Warrior - Scandal
Operation SATANIC was a public relations disaster. New Zealand was an ally of France; New Zealand troops had fought along with France in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jaquet-droz Automata: Encyclopedia Ii - Jaquet-droz Automata - The Drawer
The drawer is ayoung child who can actually draw four different images: a portait of Louis XV, a royal couple (believed to be Marie-Antoi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1974: Encyclopedia Ii - 1974 - Events
1974 - January. January 5 - Dungeons & Dragons officially released. January 6 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aegee: Encyclopedia Ii - Aegee - History
The association was born in 1985 at the first EGEE event: an assembly in Paris of students from Paris, Leiden, London, Madrid, Milan and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Socialism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Socialism - Early Socialists
Further information: History of socialism in Great Britain, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elie Wiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Elie Wiesel - Life In The United States
In 1955, Wiesel moved to New York, where he worked as a foreign correspondent for Yedioth Ahronoth. The next year he was struck by a taxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean-jacques Servan-schreiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean-jacques Servan-schreiber - L'express
Servan-Schreiber was among the first to recognize the inevitability of decolonization, writing a series of articles on the Indochinese co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - List Of Groups
Groups include: Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR - Clandestine central underground committee, organised by Jean Moulin, to coordo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dominique Strauss-kahn: Encyclopedia Ii - Dominique Strauss-kahn - Biography
Dominique Strauss-Kahn - Early career. Dominique Strauss-Kahn was born on the 25 April 1949 in Neuilly-sur-Seine; he spent part of his ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - University Of Paris Ii: Panthéon-assas: Encyclopedia Ii - University Of Paris Ii: Panthéon-assas - Students And Alumni
Like in better institutions of higher education the world over, sociologically most students of Assas come from upper and middle-upper cl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1990s - Overview
While optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, the backlash of the Cold War's effect was only beginning, precipi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France In Modern Times: Encyclopedia Ii - France In Modern Times - France And The French In The 20th Century
France in modern times - Geography. In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways : mos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falklands War: Encyclopedia Ii - Falklands War - Lead Up To The War
Falklands War - Build-up. Galtieri, who was the leader of the military government of Argentina at the time, aimed to counterbalance pub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ernst Jünger: Encyclopedia Ii - Ernst Jünger - Life And Work
He was born in Heidelberg and grew up in Hanover as the son of a pharmacist. Jünger went to school between the years of 1901 and 1913 an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elie Wiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Elie Wiesel - Life In The United States
In 1955, Wiesel moved to New York, where he worked as a foreign correspondent for Yedioth Ahronoth. The next year he was struck by a taxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paris Institute Of Political Studies: Encyclopedia Ii - Paris Institute Of Political Studies - General Information
Sciences Po alumni and former staff include twenty-eight heads of state or government, specifically three past or present French presiden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Communist Party: Encyclopedia Ii - French Communist Party - The Popular Front
During the 1930s the PCF grew rapidly in size and influence, its growth fuelled by the popularity of the Comintern's Popular Front strate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nanjing University: Encyclopedia Ii - Nanjing University - Faculties
Nanjing University has been at the forefront of developments in teaching and research in China. It was the first institution in the count...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Michel Rocard: Encyclopedia Ii - Michel Rocard - Career
He was born at Courbevoie (Hauts-de-Seine) in a Protestant family, son of the nuclear physicist Yves Rocard. He entered politics as a stu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanian Revolution Of 1989: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanian Revolution Of 1989 - Bucharest
The events in TimiÅŸoara were widely reported by Radio Free Europe, Voice of America and by students returning home for Christmas holiday...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Fifth Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - French Fifth Republic - Foundation By Charles De Gaulle
The impetus behind the creation of the Fifth Republic was the Algerian Crisis. Although France had since parted with many of its colonies...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mikis Theodorakis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mikis Theodorakis - Biography
Mikis Theodorakis - The early years World War II and first works. Theodorakis' fascination with music began in early childhood; he taug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constitutional Council Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitutional Council Of France - History And Evolution
While since the 19th century the judicial review that the Conseil d'État brings to bear on the acts of the executive branch has played a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criticisms Of The Da Vinci Code: Encyclopedia Ii - Criticisms Of The Da Vinci Code - Disputed Claims
The popularity of the book, and its numerous claims contrary to mainstream beliefs, have created controversy in Christian communities, r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodomy Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodomy Law - Impact On Homosexuals
A common misunderstanding is that sodomy laws only target gay people. Most sodomy laws target both heterosexual and homosexual acts, incl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trust Band: Encyclopedia Ii - Trust Band - Band History
Trust was founded in 1977 by: Bernard "Bernie" Bonvoisin (vocals, lyricist) Norbert "Nono" Krief (guitar, composer) Raymond "Ray" Manna ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Marshal Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Marshal Of France - Bourbons
Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602. 1592 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genocide: Encyclopedia Ii - Genocide - Genocide As A Crime Under International Law
In the wake of the Nazi perpetrated Holocaust, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws, definin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mayer Amschel Rothschild Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Mayer Amschel Rothschild Family - Origins
Their success began with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812). Born in the ghetto of Frankfurt-am-Main, he developed a finance house and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minister Of Culture France: Encyclopedia Ii - Minister Of Culture France - History
Deriving from the Italian and Burgundian courts of the Renaissance, the notion that the state had a key role to play in the sponsoring of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helmut Kohl: Encyclopedia Ii - Helmut Kohl - Political Career
Kohl joined the CDU in 1947. He then went on to earn a doctorate (dr. phil.) in history. From 1969-1976 he was Minister-President of Rhin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Francophobia: Encyclopedia Ii - Francophobia - France As Continental Hegemony
Though French history in the broadest sense extends back more than a millennium it has existed as a recognizable nation-state (rather tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1983 Beirut Barracks Bombing: Encyclopedia Ii - 1983 Beirut Barracks Bombing - The Bombing
On October 23, around 6:20 AM, a yellow Mercedes delivery truck drove to Beirut International Airport, where the United States Marines ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gaullism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gaullism - Doctrine
The main doctrinal component of Gaullism is a desire for France's independence from foreign power, but there are also social and economic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - French Resistance - List Of Groups
Groups include: Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR - Clandestine central underground committee, organised by Jean Moulin, to coordi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Priory Of Sion: Encyclopedia Ii - Priory Of Sion - History
Priory of Sion - The Plantard Plot. The Priory of Sion is an association that was founded in 1956, in the French town of Annemasse. As ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of The French Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of The French Republic - Presidential Powers
Unlike many other European presidents, the office of the French President is quite a powerful one, especially in matters of foreign polic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Politics Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of France - French Politics Under The Fifth Republic
After Charles de Gaulle had the constitution of the French Fifth Republic adopted in 1958, France was ruled by successive right-wing admi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Personality Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Personality Rights - Publicity Rights In Common Law Jurisdictions
Personality rights have developed out of common law concepts of property, trespass and intentional tort. Thus personality rights are, gen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nanjing University: Encyclopedia Ii - Nanjing University - Faculties
Nanjing University has been at the forefront of developments in teaching and research in China. It was the first institution in the count...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nonviolent Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - Nonviolent Resistance - Examples Of Nonviolent Resistance
Nonviolent resistance - A list of current and recent nonviolent resistance organizations. Kifaya (Egypt) Kmara (Georgia) Otpor (Serbia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louvre: Encyclopedia Ii - Louvre - The Building
The first royal "Castle of the Louvre" on this site was founded by Philippe II in 1190, as a fortress to defend Paris on its west against...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Famous Dogs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Famous Dogs - Pets Of Famous People
List of famous dogs - Famous pets of Presidents and their wives. Barney, U.S. President George W. Bush's Scottish Terrier Buddy, U.S. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Essays Montaigne: Encyclopedia Ii - Essays Montaigne - Style
crafted rhetoric designed to intrigue and involve the reader, sometimes appearing to move in a stream-of-thought from topic to topic and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Rights In Cuba: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Rights In Cuba - History And Background
Pre-revolutionary Cuba was marked by separation between African and Spanish descent. Even Batista, during his term as President of the Re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Comoros: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Comoros - Coups D'état
Unstable Comoros has endured 19 coups or attempted coups since gaining independence from France in 1975. Probably many of these coups wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Western Sahara: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Western Sahara - Background
The Western Sahara area has never formed a state in the modern sense of the word. Phoenician/Carthaginian colonies established or reinfor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paris Metro Line 14: Encyclopedia Ii - Paris Metro Line 14 - The Meteor Project
The Meteor project had the following objectives: To reduce the burden on RER line A, which was overloaded on the section crossing Paris;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Valéry Giscard D'estaing: Encyclopedia Ii - Valéry Giscard D'estaing - Biography
Giscard is the son of Edmond Giscard d'Estaing (1892-1982), a French civil servant, and his wife, May Bardoux, who was a daughter of Fren...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - European Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - European Movement - History
The origins of the European Movement date back to July 1947, when the cause of a United Europe was being championed by notables such as W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - Vichy Composition And Policies
The composition of the Vichy cabinet, and its policies, were mixed. Many Vichy officials such as Pétain, though not all, were reactionar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - École Polytechnique: Encyclopedia Ii - École Polytechnique - The Polytechnicien Studies
École Polytechnique - Introduction. The Polytechnicien program is quite different from typical university or college studies. While it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Brittany: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Brittany - Bronze Age
The early Bronze age culture is commonly believed to have grown out of Beaker roots, with some Wessex and Unetice influence. In the early...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of French People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of French People - Actors/actresses
List of French people - A. Isabelle Adjani Renée Adorée Anouk Aimée Arletty Antonin Artaud Fanny Ardant Jeanne Aubert Jean-Pierre A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Le Monde: Encyclopedia Ii - Le Monde - Presentation
Le Monde was in the past often described as centre-left, but its editorial line may be more appropriately described nowadays as simply mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rainbow Warrior: Encyclopedia Ii - Rainbow Warrior - The First Rainbow Warrior
The first Rainbow Warrior, a craft of 40 metres and 418 tonnes, was originally the MAFF trawler Sir William Hardy, launched in 1955. She ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Chirac: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Chirac - Presidency
Jacques Chirac - First term as president. His 18 years as mayor of Paris finally proved the launching pad for his first successful bid ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - French Presidential Election 1981: Encyclopedia Ii - French Presidential Election 1981 - Giscard D'estaing's Government
The most important set of circumstances that gave François Mitterrand the advantage over President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was Giscard...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paris Institute Of Political Studies: Encyclopedia Ii - Paris Institute Of Political Studies - General Information
Sciences Po alumni and former staff include twenty-eight heads of state or government, specifically three past or present French presiden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1981: Encyclopedia Ii - 1981 - Events
1981 - January-February. January - Sarawak chamber found January 1 - Greece enters the EEC January 1 - Palau becomes self-governing Ja...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1962–1968 Politics Of Grandeur
With the Algerian conflict behind, de Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives: To reform and develop the French economy, and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1980s - People
1980s - World Leaders. Chancellor Bruno Kreisky (Austria) Chancellor Fred Sinowatz (Austria) Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (Austria) Prim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bibliothèque François Mitterrand Paris Metro And Rer: Encyclopedia Ii - Bibliothèque François Mitterrand Paris Metro And Rer - History
The station was opened in 1998 when Line 14 was first opened. Its architecture is the work of a different architect than the one who desi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dirigisme: Encyclopedia Ii - Dirigisme - France
Before the Second World War, France had a relatively fragmented capitalist economic system, which generally operated under traditional la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1990s - Events And Trends
While optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, the backlash of the Cold War's effect was only beginning, precipi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1981: Encyclopedia Ii - 1981 - Events
1981 - January. January - Sarawak chamber found January 1 - Greece enters the EEC January 1 - Palau becomes self-governing January 4 -...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Lévesque: Encyclopedia Ii - René Lévesque - Biography
René Lévesque - Origins. The eldest of four children, René Lévesque was born in the Hotel Dieu Hospital in Campbellton, New Brunswi...   » Read the article