Franco-German War

Hydrotherapy, formerly called hydropathy, is probably the oldest form of medical treatment. It involves the use of water for soothing pains and treating diseases. Its use has been recorded as early as ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman civilizations. Egyptian royalty bathed with essential oils and flowers, while Romans had communal public baths for their citizens. It has been long accepted that hot water springs can improve health by increasing circulation. Hippocrates prescribed bathing in spring water for sickness. A Do ...

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Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the French Army. Introduced to Marshal Michel Ney, Jomini served in the campaign of Austerlitz as a volunteer aide-de-camp on Ney's personal staff. In December 1805 Napoleon, being much impressed by a chapter in Jomini's treatise, made him a colonel in the French service. Ney thereupon made Jomini his principal aide-de-camp. In 1806 Jomini published his views as to the conduct of the impending war with Prussia. This, along with his knowledge of Frederick the ...

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Antoine-Henri Jomini, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Early life and career, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the Napoleonic Wars, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the French Army, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Departure from French service to join the Russian Army, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Post-war service and retirement, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Jomini's works

Read more here: » Antoine-Henri Jomini: Encyclopedia II - Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the Napoleonic Wars

Entering parliament in 1861 as deputy of the extreme Left for the Castelvetrano commune, Crispi acquired the reputation of being the most aggressive and most impetuous member of the republican party. In 1864, however, he announced he was a monarchist, in the famous phrase afterwards repeated in his letter to Mazzini: The monarchy unites us; the republic would divide us. In 1866 he refused to enter Baron Bettino Ricasoli's cabinet; in 1867 he worked to impede the Garibaldian invasion of the papal states, fore ...

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Francesco Crispi, Francesco Crispi - Sicily, Francesco Crispi - Parliament and government, Francesco Crispi - Bigamy scandal, Francesco Crispi - First term, Francesco Crispi - Return to power and second term, Francesco Crispi - Legacy

Read more here: » Francesco Crispi: Encyclopedia II - Francesco Crispi - Parliament and government

His father, Léon Halévy (1802–1883), was a clever and versatile writer, who tried almost every branch of literature—prose and verse, vaudeville, drama, history—without, however, achieving decisive success in any. His uncle, JF Fromental E Halévy, was for many years associated with the opéra; hence the double and early connection of Ludovic Halévy with the Parisian stage. At the age of six, he might have been seen playing in that Foyer de la danse with which he was to make his readers so familiar, and, when a boy of twelve, ...

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Ludovic Halévy, Ludovic Halévy - Biography

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Gorchakov was born on the 16th of July 1798 in Estonia, and was educated at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he had the poet Alexander Pushkin as a school-fellow. He became a good classical scholar, and learnt to speak and write in French with facility and elegance. Pushkin in one of his poems described young Gorchakov as Fortune's favored son, and predicted his success. On leaving the lyceum Gorchakov entered the foreign office under Count Nesselrode. His first diplomatic work of importance was the negotiation of a marriage be ...

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Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Early life and career, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov's promotion of Dreikaiserbund, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov and Bismarck: Battle of Chancellors, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Assessment, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Works

Read more here: » Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Early life and career

In December 1893 the impotence of the Giolitti cabinet to restore public order, then menaced by disturbances in Sicily and in Lunigiana, gave rise to a general demand that Crispi should return to power. Even though it was Giolitti who had initiated the Italian government’s attempts to put a halt to the manifestations and protests of the Fasci Siciliani, his measures were relatively mild. It was largely with the second Crispi regime that the repression of the Fasci was accentuated into outright persecution. The government arrested not just ...

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Francesco Crispi, Francesco Crispi - Sicily, Francesco Crispi - Parliament and government, Francesco Crispi - Bigamy scandal, Francesco Crispi - First term, Francesco Crispi - Return to power and second term, Francesco Crispi - Legacy

Read more here: » Francesco Crispi: Encyclopedia II - Francesco Crispi - Return to power and second term

Crispi's family came originally from the small agricultural community of Palazzo Adriano, in south-western Sicily. It had been founded in later fifteenth century by Greek Orthodox Arbëreshë fleeing from the Turks. Crispi himself was born in Ribera, Sicily and baptized in the Greek Orthodox Church. He assumed an active role in the Sicilian uprising against the rule of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies at Palermo in 1848. The uprising ended in failure and the government was restored in May 1849. Unlike many, Crispi was not granted amnesty and ...

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Francesco Crispi, Francesco Crispi - Sicily, Francesco Crispi - Parliament and government, Francesco Crispi - Bigamy scandal, Francesco Crispi - First term, Francesco Crispi - Return to power and second term, Francesco Crispi - Legacy

Read more here: » Francesco Crispi: Encyclopedia II - Francesco Crispi - Sicily

After several years of retirement and literary work, Jomini resumed his post in the Russian army and in about 1823 was made a full general. Thenceforward until his retirement in 1829 he was principally employed in the military education of the tsarevich Nicholas (afterwards emperor) and in the organization of the Russian staff college, which was opened in 1832 and still bears its original name of the Nicholas Academy. In 1828 he was employed in the field in the Russo-Turkish War, and at ...

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Antoine-Henri Jomini, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Early life and career, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the Napoleonic Wars, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the French Army, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Departure from French service to join the Russian Army, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Post-war service and retirement, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Jomini's works

Read more here: » Antoine-Henri Jomini: Encyclopedia II - Antoine-Henri Jomini - Post-war service and retirement

Not long after his accession to office Gorchakov issued a circular to the foreign powers, in which he announced that Russia proposed, for internal reasons, to keep herself as free as possible from complications abroad, and he added the now historic phrase, La Russie ne bouge pas; elle se recueille. During the Polish insurrection Gorchakov rebuffed the suggestions of Britain, Austria and France for assuaging the severities employed in quelling it, and he was especially acrid in his replies to Earl Russell's despatches. In July 1863 Gor ...

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Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Early life and career, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov's promotion of Dreikaiserbund, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov and Bismarck: Battle of Chancellors, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Assessment, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Works

Read more here: » Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov's promotion of Dreikaiserbund

In 1875 Bismarck was suspected of a design of again attacking France, and Gorchakov gave him to understand, in a way which was not meant to be offensive, but which roused the German chancellors indignation, that Russia would oppose any such scheme. The tension thus produced between the two statesmen was increased by the political complications of 1875- 1878 in south-eastern Europe, which began with the Herzegovian insurrection and culminated at the Berlin congress. Gorchakov hoped to utilize the complications in such a way as to recover, wit ...

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Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Early life and career, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov's promotion of Dreikaiserbund, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov and Bismarck: Battle of Chancellors, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Assessment, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Works

Read more here: » Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov - Gorchakov and Bismarck: Battle of Chancellors

Amongst his numerous works the principal, besides the Trait, are: Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Révolution (1806; new ed. 1819–1824); Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon raconte par lui-même (1827) and, perhaps the best known of all his publications, the theoretical Précis de l'art de la guerre (1836). See Ferdinand Lecomte, Le Général Jomini, sa vie et ses écrits (1861; new ed. 1888); CA Sainte-Beuve, Le Général Jomini (1869); A Pascal, Observations historiqu ...

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Antoine-Henri Jomini, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Early life and career, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the Napoleonic Wars, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Service in the French Army, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Departure from French service to join the Russian Army, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Post-war service and retirement, Antoine-Henri Jomini - Jomini's works

Read more here: » Antoine-Henri Jomini: Encyclopedia II - Antoine-Henri Jomini - Jomini's works