France in the Middle Ages

France in the Middle Ages - Geography. Discussion of the size of France in the Middle Ages is complicated by distinctions between lands personally held by the king (the "domaine royal") and lands held in homage by another lord. The notion of res publica inherited from the Roman province of Gaul was not fully maintained by the Frankish kingdom and the Carolingian Empire, and by the early years of the Capetians, the French kingdom was more or less a fiction. The "domaine royal" of the Capetians was limited to the r ...

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France in the Middle Ages, France in the Middle Ages - Medieval France and the French, France in the Middle Ages - Geography, France in the Middle Ages - Demographics, France in the Middle Ages - Language, France in the Middle Ages - Historical Overview, France in the Middle Ages - The Carolingian Legacy, France in the Middle Ages - The Capetians, France in the Middle Ages - The Hundred Years War, France in the Middle Ages - Literature, France in the Middle Ages - Art

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The direct Capetian Dynasty followed the Carolingian rulers of France from 987 to 1328. From 1328 to 1830, with the interruption of the revolution, France was ruled by kings from the Valois and Bourbon, Cadet branches of the dynasty. Capetian - List of Capetian kings of France. 987–996, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France 996–1031, Robert II, the Pious 1031–1060, Henri I 1060–1108, Philippe I 1108–1137, Louis VI, the Fat 113 ...

Including:

• Capetian - List of Capetian kings of France

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Agnes of France (1171 - 1240) was the only daughter of Louis VII of France by his third wife Adèle of Champagne. She was a younger half-sister of Marie de Champagne, Alix of France, Marguerite of France and Alys, Countess of the Vexin. She was a younger sister of Philip II of France. In 1179 embassies arrived from the Byzantine court seeking to obtain Agnes as a bride for Alexius, the only son and heir apparent of Eastern Roman Emperor Manuel I Comnenus by his second wife Maria of Antioch. She was sent to Constantinople ...

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Agnes of France, Agnes of France - Empress consort of the Eastern Roman Empire, Agnes of France - Duchess of Burgundy

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High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages and Scotland in the High Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Ex ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Late Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 effectively ended English aspirations of subjugating Scotland, and the Scottish were able to develop a strong state under the Stuarts. From 1337, England’s attention was largely directed towards France in the Hundred Years' War. Henry V’s victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 briefly paved the way for a unification of the two kingdoms, but his son Henry VI, soon squandered all ...

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Late Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, Late Middle Ages - Britain, Late Middle Ages - Scandinavia, Late Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, Late Middle Ages - Southern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, Late Middle Ages - Military developments, Late Middle Ages - Religion, Late Middle Ages - The Great Schism, Late Middle Ages - Reform movements, Late Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, Late Middle Ages - Science and technology, Late Middle Ages - Culture, Late Middle Ages - Art, Late Middle Ages - Architecture, Late Middle Ages - Literature, Late Middle Ages - Music, Late Middle Ages - Timeline

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History of France - Gaul. Main articles: Gaul and Roman Gaul Settled mainly by Celtic peoples (that the Romans referred to as the "Gauls"), and apart from a shrinking area of Basque population in the southwest and Ligurian population on the southern coast, the area of modern France comprised the bulk of the region of Gaul (Latin: Gallia) under the rule of the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages. See also:

History of France, History of France - Historical Overview, History of France - Gaul, History of France - France in the Early Middle Ages, History of France - France in the Middle Ages, History of France - Early Modern France, History of France - France in the Nineteenth Century, History of France - France In Modern Times

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Up to roughly 1340, the Romance languages spoken in the Middle Ages in the Northern half of what is today's France are collectively known as "ancien français" ("Old French") or "langues d'oïl" (languages where one says "oïl" to mean "yes"): following the Germanic invasions of France in the fifth century, these Northern dialects had developed distinctly different phonetic and syntactical structures from the languages spoken in Southern France (collectively known as "langues d'oc" or the Occitan language family, of which the largest group i ...

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Medieval French literature, Medieval French literature - Language, Medieval French literature - Orality and Transmission, Medieval French literature - Early Texts, Medieval French literature - Chanson de geste, Medieval French literature - Roman, Medieval French literature - Lyric Poetry, Medieval French literature - Theater, Medieval French literature - Other Forms

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High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Exchequer was founded in the 12th centu ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Discussions about the origins of non-religious theater ("théâtre profane") -- both drama and farce -- in the Middle Ages remain controversal, but the idea of a continuous popular tradition stemming from Latin comedy and tragedy to the 9th century seems unlikely. Most historians place the origin of medieval drama in the church's liturgical dialogues and "tropes". At first simply dramatizations of the ritual, particularly in those rituals connected with Christmas and Easter (see Mystery play), plays were eventually trans ...

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Medieval French literature, Medieval French literature - Language, Medieval French literature - Orality and Transmission, Medieval French literature - Early Texts, Medieval French literature - Chanson de geste, Medieval French literature - Roman, Medieval French literature - Lyric Poetry, Medieval French literature - Theater, Medieval French literature - Other Forms

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Medieval French lyric poetry was indebted to the poetic and cultural traditions in Southern France and Provence -- including Toulouse, Poitiers, and the Aquitaine region -- where "langue d'oc" was spoken (Occitan language); in their turn, the Provençal poets were greatly influenced by poetic traditions from the Arab and Norman-Sicilian world. The Occitan or Provençal poets were called troubadours, from the word "trobar" (to find, to invent). Lyric poets in Old French are cal ...

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Medieval French literature, Medieval French literature - Language, Medieval French literature - Orality and Transmission, Medieval French literature - Early Texts, Medieval French literature - Chanson de geste, Medieval French literature - Roman, Medieval French literature - Lyric Poetry, Medieval French literature - Theater, Medieval French literature - Other Forms

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A large body of fables survive in Old French; these include (mostly anonymous) literature dealing with the recurring trickster character of Reynard the Fox. Marie de France was also active in this genre, producing the Ysopet (Little Aesop) series of fables in verse. Related to the fable was the more bawdy "fabliau", which covered topics such as cuckolding and corrupt clergy. These "fabliaux" would be an important source for Chaucer an ...

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Medieval French literature, Medieval French literature - Language, Medieval French literature - Orality and Transmission, Medieval French literature - Early Texts, Medieval French literature - Chanson de geste, Medieval French literature - Roman, Medieval French literature - Lyric Poetry, Medieval French literature - Theater, Medieval French literature - Other Forms

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In Northern Europe, the Hanseatic League was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of Lübeck in 1158–1159. Many northern cities of the Holy Roman Empire became hanseatic cities, including Amsterdam, Cologne, Bremen, Hannover and Berlin. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance, Bruges and the Polish city of Danzig (Gdańsk). In Bergen, Norway and Novgorod, Russia the league had factories and middlemen. In this period the Germans started colonising East ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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High Middle Ages - The Church. The East-West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts: Western Catholicism in Western Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east. It occurred when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, mainly over disputes as to the existence of papal authority over the four Eastern patriarchs. High Middle Ages - The Crusades. ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Late Middle Ages - The Great Schism. Main article: Western Schism From the early 14th century, the Papacy came more and more under the dominance of the French crown, culminating in its transference to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope decided to return to Rome in 1377, different popes were elected in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Great Schism (1378-1417). The Schism was as much of a political as a religious nature; while England supported the Pope in Rome, her military opponents France ...

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Late Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, Late Middle Ages - Britain, Late Middle Ages - Scandinavia, Late Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, Late Middle Ages - Southern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, Late Middle Ages - Military developments, Late Middle Ages - Religion, Late Middle Ages - The Great Schism, Late Middle Ages - Reform movements, Late Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, Late Middle Ages - Science and technology, Late Middle Ages - Culture, Late Middle Ages - Art, Late Middle Ages - Architecture, Late Middle Ages - Literature, Late Middle Ages - Music, Late Middle Ages - Timeline

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During the 12th and 13th century in Europe there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. In less than a century there were more inventions developed and applied usefully than in the previous thousand years of human history all over the globe. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption or invention of printing, gunpowder, the astrolabe, spectacles, a better ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Jean Bodel's other two categories -- the "Matter of Rome" and the "Matter of Britain" -- concern the French romance or "roman". The term "roman" signifies, roughly, "vernacular" (i.e. not Latin), but it is used to designate narrative poetry ("romance") usually written in octosyllabic rhymed couplets and telling stories of chivalry and love. The most famous "romans" are those of the "Matter of Britain" dealing with Arthurian romance, the stories of Tristan and Isolde, the heroic legend of the doomed utopia of Camelot and the Holy Grail. Much of this material derives from Breton (Celtic) legends. The most important of thes ...

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Medieval French literature, Medieval French literature - Language, Medieval French literature - Orality and Transmission, Medieval French literature - Early Texts, Medieval French literature - Chanson de geste, Medieval French literature - Roman, Medieval French literature - Lyric Poetry, Medieval French literature - Theater, Medieval French literature - Other Forms

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The philosopher William of Occam, and his principle known as Occam's Razor, led to a decline in fruitless scholastic debates, and paved the way for experimental science. According to Occam, philosophy should only concern itself with subjects on which it could achieve real knowledge, a principle often referred to as parsimony. Precursors of an experimental science in the Middle Ages can be seen already in the rediscovery of Aristotle, and the ...

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Late Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, Late Middle Ages - Britain, Late Middle Ages - Scandinavia, Late Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, Late Middle Ages - Southern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, Late Middle Ages - Military developments, Late Middle Ages - Religion, Late Middle Ages - The Great Schism, Late Middle Ages - Reform movements, Late Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, Late Middle Ages - Science and technology, Late Middle Ages - Culture, Late Middle Ages - Art, Late Middle Ages - Architecture, Late Middle Ages - Literature, Late Middle Ages - Music, Late Middle Ages - Timeline

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Several changes took place in the patterns of European trade in this period. While the Hanseatic League retained their control of the Baltic and North Sea, the Champagne fairs became less important in the north-south trade. Instead the sea route was preferred between Flanders and Italy. Furthermore, English wool merchants more and more started exporting cloth rather than wool, to the detriment of the Dutch cloth manufacturers. Most importantly, the replacement of the Byzantine Empire with the Ottoman Empire made the Levant trade more difficult. As an alternative, new trade routes were opened up – south of Afr ...

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Late Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, Late Middle Ages - Britain, Late Middle Ages - Scandinavia, Late Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, Late Middle Ages - Southern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, Late Middle Ages - Military developments, Late Middle Ages - Religion, Late Middle Ages - The Great Schism, Late Middle Ages - Reform movements, Late Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, Late Middle Ages - Science and technology, Late Middle Ages - Culture, Late Middle Ages - Art, Late Middle Ages - Architecture, Late Middle Ages - Literature, Late Middle Ages - Music, Late Middle Ages - Timeline

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Late Middle Ages - Art. Main article: Medieval art The visual arts experienced a tremendous development in the Late Middle Ages; a precursor of the Renaissance can be seen already in the early 13th-century works of Giotto. In painting one speaks of a northern Renaissance, centred on the Low Countries, and an Italian Renaissance with Florence as its hub. While northern art was more concerned with textures and surfaces, as can be seen in the paintings of Jan van Eyck, Italian painters als ...

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Late Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, Late Middle Ages - Britain, Late Middle Ages - Scandinavia, Late Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, Late Middle Ages - Southern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, Late Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, Late Middle Ages - Military developments, Late Middle Ages - Religion, Late Middle Ages - The Great Schism, Late Middle Ages - Reform movements, Late Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, Late Middle Ages - Science and technology, Late Middle Ages - Culture, Late Middle Ages - Art, Late Middle Ages - Architecture, Late Middle Ages - Literature, Late Middle Ages - Music, Late Middle Ages - Timeline

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High Middle Ages - Art. Main article: Medieval art Art in the High Middle Ages includes these major periods or movements: Romanesque art - traditions from the Classical world (not to be confused with Romanesque architecture) Gothic art - Germanic traditions (not to be confused with Gothic architecture). Byzantine art - Byzantine traditions. Christian art Other areas of study include regional surveys (Anglo-Saxon art and Jewish art for example) or areas of ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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