France

1 See Languages section for regional languages 2 Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 3 Metropolitan (i.e. European) France only 4 French National Geographic Institute data 5 French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than ...

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France - Culture

France - Terminology

Read more here: » France: Encyclopedia - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Franc - Swiss franc The Swiss franc (ISO code: CHF or 756), which appreciated significantly against the new European currency from April to September 2000, remains one of the world's strongest currencies, worth today around two-thirds of a euro. The Swiss franc is used in Switzerland and in Liechtenstein. The name of the country "Swiss Confederation" is found on some of the coins in Latin (Confoederatio Helvetica), to preserve neu ...

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France: Encyclopedia - Culture of France

Life in France The culture of France is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the influence of recent immigration. France has played an important role for centuries as a cultural center, with Paris as a world center of high culture. Culture of France - Lifestyle. At the beginning of the 20th century, France was a largely rural country with somewhat conservative Catholic morals. However, in the course of the century, major changes have occurred: the countryside has become largely d ...

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France: Encyclopedia - Air France

Air France (Compagnie Nationale Air France) is a subsidiary of Air France-KLM. Before the take-over of KLM, it was essentially the national airline of France, employing 71,654 people (at January 2005). The company, whose headquarters are at Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris (headquarters now used by Air France-KLM), transported 43.3 million passengers and earned 12.53 billion Euro between April 2001 and March 2002. Air France's subsidiary, Régional, operates ...

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France: Encyclopedia - Cabernet Franc

Cabernet Franc is a red wine grape variety similar to and a parent of Cabernet Sauvignon. A cross of it with Sauvignon Blanc resulted in Cabernet Sauvignon. Cabernet Franc tends to be softer and has less tannins than Cabernet Sauvignon, although the two can be difficult to distinguish. Sometimes the French refer to Cabernets, which could mean either of the two grapes. Its typical aromas include herbaceousness and a pronounced peppery nose, even in ripe fruit, and something eerily like tobacco. Bad-quality ...

France: Encyclopedia - Canton in France

The canton is an administrative division of France. They are subdivisions of arrondissements and départements of France, grouping several municipalities (communes). Cantons number 4,054, including 175 overseas (figure including the 19 newly created cantons of Mayotte). Canton in France - Role and Administration. The role of the canton is essentially to provide an electoral grid. Each canton elects a person to represent them at the conseil général du département ...

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France: Encyclopedia - Air France-KLM

Air France-KLM (Euronext: AF, NYSE: AKH) is an airline company incorporated under French law with its headquarters at Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris. It is the largest airline company in the world in terms of total operating revenues, and the third largest in the world (the largest in Europe) in terms of passengers-kilometers. Air France-KLM was created by the mutually-agreed merger between Air France and Netherlands-based KLM on May 5, 2004. Its CEO ...

France: Encyclopedia - Charles IX of France

Charles IX (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) was born Charles-Maximilien, the son of King Henri II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was born in the royal chateau at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. After the death of his elder brother, Francis II, in 1560, he inherited the throne and was crowned King of France in 1561 in the cathedral at Reims. The politics of that era was greatly influenced by the power of the ambitious Catherine de Medici and the Guises. During the reign of Charles IX a new product was introduced, designed to cure ulcers and heal wounds along wit ...

France: Encyclopedia - Charles VIII of France

Charles VIII the Affable (French: Charles VIII l'Affable) (June 30, 1470 – April 7, 1498) was King of France from 1483 to his death. Charles was a member of the Valois Dynasty. He started the long series of Franco-Italian wars which characterized the first half of the 16th century. Charles was born at the Château d'Amboise in France, the only son of King Louis XI and Charlotte of Savoy and the eldest grandson of Charles VII and Mary Anjou. Charles succeeded to the throne upon his father's death on August 30, 1483. In ...

France: Encyclopedia - Capital punishment in France

Capital punishment in France was abolished in 1981. The last executions (by guillotine) had taken place in 1977, the last in the then European Union. The last person to be executed was Hamida Djandoubi, on September 10. France's last executioner was Marcel Chevalier. The guillotine had been proposed in 1789 by Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (although similar devices had been used before elsewhere). The French Revolution in 1792 abolished hanging and required all executions to happen by means of the blade, rather than reserving it only ...

France: Encyclopedia - Charles V of France

Charles V the Wise (French: Charles V le Sage) (January 31, 1338 – September 16, 1380) was king of France (1364 to 1380) and a member of the Valois Dynasty. Born at Vincennes, Île-de-France, France, son of King Jean II and Bonne of Luxembourg. He was the first French heir to use the title dauphin after the region of Dauphiné was acquired by his father. He was crowned ...

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France: Encyclopedia - Constitution of France

The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958, and has been amended 17 times, most recently on March 28, 2003. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, and replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from October 27, 1946. Charles de Gaulle was its main instigator; the constitution was drafted by Michel Debré. Constitution of France - Summary. The preamble of the constitution recalls the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789 and estab ...

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France: Encyclopedia - Charles IV of France

Charles IV the Fair (French: Charles IV le Bel) (1294 – February 1, 1328), a member of the Capetian Dynasty, reigned as King of France from 1322 to 1328. He was the third son of Philip IV. By virtue of his mother, Jeanne I of Navarre's, birthright, Charles claimed the title Charles I, King of Navarre. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims. In 1327 Charles helped his sister Isabella against her husband, King Edward II of England. During his six-year reign Charles IV increased taxes, imposed onerous duties, and arbitra ...

France: Encyclopedia - Commune in France

The commune (in French: commune, word appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin communia, meaning a gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin communis, things held in common) is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to US incorporated municipalities/cities. The closest equivlent to French communes in the U ...

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Commune in France - General characteristics

Commune in France - History of the French Communes

Commune in France - Miscellaneous facts

Commune in France - Classification

France: Encyclopedia II - Franc - Belgian and Luxembourg francs

The conquest of most of western Europe by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France led to the franc's wide circulation. Following independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the new Kingdom of Belgium in 1832 adopted its own franc, equivalent to the French one, followed by Luxembourg in 1848 and Switzerland in 1850. Newly-unified Italy adopted the lira on a similar basis in 1862. In 1865 France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy created the Latin Monetary Union (to be joined by Greece in 1868): each would possess a national currency uni ...

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France: Encyclopedia II - Transportation in France - Air travel in France

There are ~478 airports in France (1999 est.) (see List of French Airports). Among the airspace governance authorities active in France, one is Aéroports de Paris (see http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/ADP/en-GB/Passagers/ homepage]), which has authority over the Parisian region, managing 14 airports including Charles De Gaulle International Airport and Orly Airport.[1] The former, located in Roissy en France near Paris, is one of Europe's principal ...

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