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France

A Wisdom Archive on France

France

A selection of articles related to France

We recommend this article: France - 1, and also this: France - 2.
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ARTICLES RELATED TO France

France: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland

Since Henry's death, none of the Jacobite heirs has actually claimed the throne. They are as follows (given with their Jacobite regnal titles): Charles IV (ex-King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (July 13, 1807 – October 6, 1819), who was descended from the youngest daughter of Charles I). Victor (King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia) (October 6, 1819 – January 10, 1824), his brother. Mary III and II1 (Maria Beatrice, Princess of Sardinia and later by marriage Duchess of Modena ...

See also:

Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Political background, Jacobitism - Religion, politics and adventurers, Jacobitism - Ireland, Jacobitism - England and Scotland, Jacobitism - The Scottish Highlands, Jacobitism - Opportunists and Adventurers, Jacobitism - Jacobite community, ideology and policy, Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland, Jacobitism - Bonnie Dundee, Jacobitism - The Old Pretender's attempted invasion, Jacobitism - Union and Hanoverians, Jacobitism - The 'Fifteen, Jacobitism - Jacobitism in England, Jacobitism - Spanish supported Jacobite invasion, Jacobitism - The Atterbury plot, Jacobitism - Aftermath of the 'Fifteen in Scotland, Jacobitism - The Cornbury plot, Jacobitism - 1744 French invasion attempt, Jacobitism - The 'Forty-Five', Jacobitism - Decline of Jacobitism, Jacobitism - The Elibank plot, Jacobitism - Crushing of the clans, Jacobitism - Henry IX, Jacobitism - Outcome, Jacobitism - Romantic revival, Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Jacobitism - Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria, Jacobitism - Alternative Successions

Read more here: » Jacobitism: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland

France: Encyclopedia II - Abbé Faria - France

In Paris, he became a leader of one of the revolutionary battalions in 1795, taking command of one of the sections of the infamous 10 of the Vendémiaire, which attacked the French Convention, taking an active part in its fall. As a result, he established contacts with personalities like Chateaubriand, the Marquise of Coustine, and was also friend of Armand-Marc-Jacques Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur, (a disciple of Mesmer) to whom he dedicated his book on Causas do Sono Lúcid ...

See also:

Abbé Faria, Abbé Faria - Origins, Abbé Faria - Lisbon, Abbé Faria - Participation In Conspiracy, Abbé Faria - France, Abbé Faria - Tributes, Abbé Faria - Quotes

Read more here: » Abbé Faria: Encyclopedia II - Abbé Faria - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Villette - France

See also. La Villette, an area in Paris Villettes, in the Eure département Barriére de la Villette on Place de Stalingrad in Paris ...

See also:

Villette, Villette - France, Villette - Italy, Villette - Switzerland

Read more here: » Villette: Encyclopedia II - Villette - France

France: Encyclopedia II - X-rated - France

Films may be shown in theaters in France only after classification by an administrative commission of the ministry of Culture. In 1975, the X classification (officially: "pornographic or violence-inciting movies") was created for pornographic movies, or movies with successions of scenes of graphic violence. The commission has some leeway in classification, it may for instance take into account the artistic qualities of a movie not to count it pornographic. Movies with a X rating may only be shown in specific theaters (which hardly exist nowadays in France); they bear special taxes and tax rate ...

See also:

X-rated, X-rated - Australia, X-rated - France, X-rated - United Kingdom, X-rated - United States, X-rated - Significant/Important X-rated films

Read more here: » X-rated: Encyclopedia II - X-rated - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Regular Masonic jurisdictions - France

There are no less than 12 national Grand Lodges operating in France. The largest of these, the Grand Orient de France (GOdF) was recognised by most Grand Lodges in the world until the middle of the 19th Century - when the GOdF recognised a previously "unrecognised" and thus "irregular" Masonic organisation in Louisiana and did away with the requirement to believe in a Supreme Being [1]. The Grande Loge Nationale Francaise (GLNF) [2] is currently the only French Grand Lodge that is in regular amity with the United Gra ...

See also:

Regular Masonic jurisdictions, Regular Masonic jurisdictions - Great Britain, Regular Masonic jurisdictions - France, Regular Masonic jurisdictions - United States, Regular Masonic jurisdictions - Prince Hall Freemasonry

Read more here: » Regular Masonic jurisdictions: Encyclopedia II - Regular Masonic jurisdictions - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Villiers - France

Villiers is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Villiers, in the l'Indre département Villiers, in the Vienne département Villiers-Adam, in the Val-d'Oise département Villiers-au-Bouin, in the Indre-et-Loire département Villiers-aux-Corneilles, in the Marne département Villiers-Charlemagne, in the Mayenne département Villiers-Couture, in the Charente-Maritime département ...

See also:

Villiers, Villiers - Switzerland, Villiers - France, Villiers - South Africa

Read more here: » Villiers: Encyclopedia II - Villiers - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Anti-clericalism - France

Anti-clericalism is particularly discussed in the context of the French Third Republic and its dissensions with the Catholic Church. To summarize, prior to 1905, the Catholic Church enjoyed preferential treatment from the French State (along with the Jewish, Lutheran and Calvinist minority religions). During the 19th century, priests were employed as teachers in public schools, and religion was taught in schools. The Church also appeared to support royalist opinions, and was involved in anti- ...

See also:

Anti-clericalism, Anti-clericalism - France, Anti-clericalism - Italy, Anti-clericalism - Mexico, Anti-clericalism - Portugal, Anti-clericalism - Spain, Anti-clericalism - Communism

Read more here: » Anti-clericalism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-clericalism - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Intendant - France

Intendants were royal civil servants in France under the ancien régime. The office of intendant was first introduced during the reign of King Louis XIII (1610-1643). The position remained in existence until the French Revolution. A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed to prevent the abuse of sales of royal offices, and also had the right to collect revenue and sell licenses. In ...

See also:

Intendant, Intendant - France, Intendant - Historical origins, Intendant - New France, Intendant - Chile, Intendant - Uruguay, Intendant - Fiction, Intendant - Reference

Read more here: » Intendant: Encyclopedia II - Intendant - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Arrondissement - France

Arrondissement - Municipal arrondissement. Main article: Municipal arrondissement in France Main article: Arrondissements of Paris The city of Paris, in France is divided into 20 arrondissements. The French cities Marseille and Lyon are also divided into municipal arrondissements. Arrondissement - Departmental arrondissement. M ...

See also:

Arrondissement, Arrondissement - France, Arrondissement - Municipal arrondissement, Arrondissement - Departmental arrondissement, Arrondissement - Belgium, Arrondissement - Netherlands, Arrondissement - Canada, Arrondissement - Quebec

Read more here: » Arrondissement: Encyclopedia II - Arrondissement - France

France: Encyclopedia II - List of Knights Templar - France

link http://templis.free.fr/dignitai.htm Les commandeurs de Richerenches Arnaud de Bedos (1136–1138) Gérard de Montpierre (1138_1139) Hugues de Bourbouton (1139–1141) Hugues de Panaz (1141–1144) Hugues de Bourbouton (1145–1151) Déodat de l'Etang (1151–1161) Guillaume de Biais (1161) Déodat de l'Etang (1162–1173) Foulques de Bras (1173–1179) Pierre Itier (1179) Hugolin (1180–1182) Raimond (1200–120 ...

See also:

List of Knights Templar, List of Knights Templar - England, List of Knights Templar - France, List of Knights Templar - Germany, List of Knights Templar - RHIN, List of Knights Templar - Portugal, List of Knights Templar - Spain, List of Knights Templar - Aragon, List of Knights Templar - Cehia?, List of Knights Templar - Hungary, List of Knights Templar - Poland?, List of Knights Templar - Slovakia, List of Knights Templar - Palaestina, List of Knights Templar - Grand-Commandeur, List of Knights Templar - Marshall

Read more here: » List of Knights Templar: Encyclopedia II - List of Knights Templar - France

France: Encyclopedia II - List of political parties campaigning for self-government - France

List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Brittany. Union Démocratique Bretonne List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Corsica. Corsica Nazione ...

See also:

List of political parties campaigning for self-government, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Belgium, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Canada, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Finland, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - France, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Brittany, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Corsica, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - India, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Italy, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Northern Italy 'Padania', List of political parties campaigning for self-government - South Tyrol, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Aosta Valley, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Sardinia, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Poland, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Saint Kitts and Nevis, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Nevis, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Spain by autonomous community, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Andalusia, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Aragon, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Balearic Islands, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Basque country, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Canary Islands, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Catalonia, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Galicia, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Valencia, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Sri Lanka, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - United Kingdom, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Cornwall, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - England, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Scotland, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Wales, List of political parties campaigning for self-government - Northern Ireland

Read more here: » List of political parties campaigning for self-government: Encyclopedia II - List of political parties campaigning for self-government - France

France: Encyclopedia II - List of Francophone male singers - France

List of Francophone male singers - A. Dominique A Dick Annegarn (not a Frenchman, actually a Dutch) Richard Anthony Jean-Louis Aubert Charles Aznavour List of Francophone male singers - B. Pierre Bachelet Daniel Balavoine Alain Bashung Bénabar Morice Benin François Béranger Michel Berger François Bergeron Louis Bertignac Benjamin Biolay Mathieu Boogae ...

See also:

List of Francophone male singers, List of Francophone male singers - Belgium, List of Francophone male singers - France, List of Francophone male singers - A, List of Francophone male singers - B, List of Francophone male singers - C, List of Francophone male singers - D, List of Francophone male singers - F, List of Francophone male singers - G, List of Francophone male singers - H, List of Francophone male singers - I, List of Francophone male singers - J, List of Francophone male singers - L, List of Francophone male singers - M, List of Francophone male singers - N, List of Francophone male singers - O, List of Francophone male singers - P, List of Francophone male singers - R, List of Francophone male singers - S, List of Francophone male singers - T, List of Francophone male singers - V, List of Francophone male singers - Québec - Canada, List of Francophone male singers - B, List of Francophone male singers - C, List of Francophone male singers - D, List of Francophone male singers - G, List of Francophone male singers - L, List of Francophone male singers - P, List of Francophone male singers - S, List of Francophone male singers - V, List of Francophone male singers - Switzerland

Read more here: » List of Francophone male singers: Encyclopedia II - List of Francophone male singers - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Jury instructions - France

According to the French Code of Penal Procedure, all jurors must individually swear to the following message from the judge presiding the court: "You judge and promise to examine with the most scrupulous attention the charges who will be laid against [the defendant]; to betray neither the interests of the defendant, nor the interests of the society that accuses him, nor the interests of the victim; not to communicate with anybody until you [declare your verdict]; not so listen to hatred, malice, fear or affection; to remember that the ...

See also:

Jury instructions, Jury instructions - France

Read more here: » Jury instructions: Encyclopedia II - Jury instructions - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Dirigisme - France

Before the Second World War, France had a relatively fragmented capitalist economic system, which generally operated under traditional laissez-faire economic policies. The many small companies, often family-owned, were often not dynamic and efficient when compared to the large industrial groups of Germany or the United States. The Second World War laid waste to France. Railroads and industries were destroyed by aerial bombardment and sabotage; industries were seized by Nazi Germany; the population lived with rationing for years. Some ...

See also:

Dirigisme, Dirigisme - France, Dirigisme - Bibliography

Read more here: » Dirigisme: Encyclopedia II - Dirigisme - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Decree - France

The word decree (décret) is used as a legal term to describe the most important executive decisions from the President or Prime Minister of France. Those decisions must conform to the Constitution and statutes of France, and it is possible to sue for their cancellation in the Conseil d'État. Outside of the exceptional reserve powers of the President (only exercised once so far), the executive can issue decrees in areas that the Constitution grants to the responsibility of Parliament only if the a law authoriz ...

See also:

Decree, Decree - Imperial Decree, Decree - France

Read more here: » Decree: Encyclopedia II - Decree - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Shadow play - France

The Ombres Chinoises (French for "Chinese shadows") were a popular entertainment in Paris during the 19th century, especially in the famous nightclub district of Montmartre. The tradition in France dates back to at least the mid-18th century when it was brought back by travelers to the Orient. The puppeteer Dominique Séraphin first presented the spectacle in Paris in 1776, and in Versailles in 1781. The cabaret Chat Noircabaret ("black cat") produced a number of popular Ombres Chinoises shows in the 1880s, using up to 20 assistants and a large, oxy-h ...

See also:

Shadow play, Shadow play - China, Shadow play - France, Shadow play - Indonesia, Shadow play - Thailand, Shadow play - Turkey, Shadow play - Notes

Read more here: » Shadow play: Encyclopedia II - Shadow play - France

France: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Religion, politics and adventurers

While Jacobitism was closely linked with Roman Catholicism from the outset particularly in Ireland, elsewhere in Britain Catholics were in a tiny minority by 1689 and the bulk of Jacobite support came from other groups. Catholics formed about 75% of the population of Ireland, but in England only around 1% and in Scotland about 2%. Jacobitism - Ireland. Irish support for James II was mostly from Catholics, though by taking the French side against the League of Augsburg, he was siding against the Papacy. Wil ...

See also:

Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Political background, Jacobitism - Religion, politics and adventurers, Jacobitism - Ireland, Jacobitism - England and Scotland, Jacobitism - The Scottish Highlands, Jacobitism - Opportunists and Adventurers, Jacobitism - Jacobite community, ideology and policy, Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland, Jacobitism - Bonnie Dundee, Jacobitism - The Old Pretender's attempted invasion, Jacobitism - Union and Hanoverians, Jacobitism - The 'Fifteen, Jacobitism - Jacobitism in England, Jacobitism - Spanish supported Jacobite invasion, Jacobitism - The Atterbury plot, Jacobitism - Aftermath of the 'Fifteen in Scotland, Jacobitism - The Cornbury plot, Jacobitism - 1744 French invasion attempt, Jacobitism - The 'Forty-Five', Jacobitism - Decline of Jacobitism, Jacobitism - The Elibank plot, Jacobitism - Crushing of the clans, Jacobitism - Henry IX, Jacobitism - Outcome, Jacobitism - Romantic revival, Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Jacobitism - Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria, Jacobitism - Alternative Successions

Read more here: » Jacobitism: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Religion, politics and adventurers

France: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Jacobite community, ideology and policy

From its religious roots, Jacobite ideology was passed on through committed families of the nobility and gentry who would have pictures of the exiled royal family and of Cavalier and Jacobite martyrs, and take part in networks of like minded Freemasons. Even today, some Highland clans and regiments pass their drink over a glass of water during the Loyal Toast — to the King Over the Water. More widely, commoners developed communities in areas where they could fraternise in Jacobite alehouses, inns and taverns, singing seditious songs, colle ...

See also:

Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Political background, Jacobitism - Religion, politics and adventurers, Jacobitism - Ireland, Jacobitism - England and Scotland, Jacobitism - The Scottish Highlands, Jacobitism - Opportunists and Adventurers, Jacobitism - Jacobite community, ideology and policy, Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland, Jacobitism - Bonnie Dundee, Jacobitism - The Old Pretender's attempted invasion, Jacobitism - Union and Hanoverians, Jacobitism - The 'Fifteen, Jacobitism - Jacobitism in England, Jacobitism - Spanish supported Jacobite invasion, Jacobitism - The Atterbury plot, Jacobitism - Aftermath of the 'Fifteen in Scotland, Jacobitism - The Cornbury plot, Jacobitism - 1744 French invasion attempt, Jacobitism - The 'Forty-Five', Jacobitism - Decline of Jacobitism, Jacobitism - The Elibank plot, Jacobitism - Crushing of the clans, Jacobitism - Henry IX, Jacobitism - Outcome, Jacobitism - Romantic revival, Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Jacobitism - Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria, Jacobitism - Alternative Successions

Read more here: » Jacobitism: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Jacobite community, ideology and policy

France: Encyclopedia II - Football World Cup 2002 squads - France

Head coach: Roger Lemerre  #  Name Position Age Caps Team ...

See also:

Football World Cup 2002 squads, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Argentina, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Belgium, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Brazil, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Cameroon, Football World Cup 2002 squads - China, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Costa Rica, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Croatia, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Denmark, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Ecuador, Football World Cup 2002 squads - England, Football World Cup 2002 squads - France, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Germany, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Ireland, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Italy, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Japan, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Mexico, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Nigeria, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Paraguay, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Poland, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Portugal, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Russia, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Saudi Arabia, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Senegal, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Slovenia, Football World Cup 2002 squads - South Africa, Football World Cup 2002 squads - South Korea, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Spain, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Sweden, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Tunisia, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Turkey, Football World Cup 2002 squads - United States, Football World Cup 2002 squads - Uruguay

Read more here: » Football World Cup 2002 squads: Encyclopedia II - Football World Cup 2002 squads - France

France: Encyclopedia II - List of cars - France

List of cars - Current Major French Manufacturers. Citroën Peugot Renault Nissan Infiniti (United States only) List of cars - Other French Manufacturers. Aixam-Mega Alcyon Alda Alma Amilcar Alpine/Alpine-Renault Ardex Arola Bonnet Ballot Bédélia Berliet Bignan Bras ...

See also:

List of cars, List of cars - Argentina, List of cars - Armenia, List of cars - Australia, List of cars - Austria, List of cars - Belarus, List of cars - Belgium, List of cars - Brazil, List of cars - Bulgaria, List of cars - Canada, List of cars - A-E, List of cars - F-I, List of cars - L-R, List of cars - S-Z, List of cars - China, List of cars - Czech Republic, List of cars - Denmark, List of cars - Estonia, List of cars - Finland, List of cars - France, List of cars - Current Major French Manufacturers, List of cars - Other French Manufacturers, List of cars - Germany, List of cars - Major Current German Manufacturers, List of cars - Other German Manufacturers, List of cars - Hungary, List of cars - India, List of cars - Iran, List of cars - Ireland, List of cars - Israel, List of cars - Italy, List of cars - A-H, List of cars - I-Z, List of cars - Japan, List of cars - Latvia, List of cars - Liechtenstein, List of cars - Lithuania, List of cars - Malaysia, List of cars - Namibia, List of cars - Netherlands, List of cars - North Korea, List of cars - Norway, List of cars - Philippines, List of cars - Poland, List of cars - Portugal, List of cars - Romania, List of cars - Russia, List of cars - Serbia, List of cars - Slovenia, List of cars - South Korea, List of cars - Spain, List of cars - Sweden, List of cars - Switzerland, List of cars - Turkey, List of cars - Ukraine, List of cars - United Arab Emirates, List of cars - United Kingdom, List of cars - A-E, List of cars - F-L, List of cars - M-R, List of cars - S-W, List of cars - United States, List of cars - Major current US automakers, List of cars - Other US automakers, List of cars - Vietnam

Read more here: » List of cars: Encyclopedia II - List of cars - France

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