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Fortitude | A Wisdom Archive on Fortitude | | Fortitude A selection of articles related to Fortitude | |
| We recommend this article: Fortitude - 1, and also this: Fortitude - 2. |
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fortitude, Fortitude
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Fortitude | | | | |  Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - BackgroundThe original planning for the Normandy campaign, once the initial D-Day invasion was successful, envisioned a rapid Allied build-up of forces in a steadily-expanding bridgehead. Specific objectives such as towns, ports and airfields served as guidelines to operations. Eventually the Allies sought a mobile battle in which their advantages in numbers, tactical air power, armor, mechanized infantry and logistics would be brought to bear. They wished to avoid ...
See also:Operation Cobra, Operation Cobra - Background, Operation Cobra - Planning, Operation Cobra - The Effect of the British Breakout Attempt: Goodwood, Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase, Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27, Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4, Operation Cobra - Effects Read more here: » Operation Cobra: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Background |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Planning In an effort to break the near-stalemate in Normandy, the US 1st Army commander, General Omar Bradley began work on a breakthrough plan. Over a period of several weeks he worked virtually alone on the concept. On July 10, 1944, Bradley revealed these plans to his immediate superior, the 21st Army Group commander British General Bernard Montgomery and Bradley's counterpart, British 2nd Army commander General Miles Dempsey. Montgomery and Dempsey agreed to supply the supporting attacks for the American advance in this operation up to Caen. As ...
See also:Operation Cobra, Operation Cobra - Background, Operation Cobra - Planning, Operation Cobra - The Effect of the British Breakout Attempt: Goodwood, Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase, Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27, Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4, Operation Cobra - Effects Read more here: » Operation Cobra: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Planning |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase In the days leading up to the attack, units of the US VII and VIII Corps secured jumping-off positions, at heavy cost in infantry casualties. The mission was to secure positions that were both good tactically as jumping-off points and were easily to identify from the air. The line chosen was the St Lo-Periers road.
The air commanders recommended a 3,000 yard distance between the bombing target and any friendly forces. Because the cost of these limited pre-Cobra attacks was so high, Bradley was reluctant to give up too much of the hard ...
See also:Operation Cobra, Operation Cobra - Background, Operation Cobra - Planning, Operation Cobra - The Effect of the British Breakout Attempt: Goodwood, Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase, Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27, Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4, Operation Cobra - Effects Read more here: » Operation Cobra: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27 The date for the attack was originally set for July 18. However, poor weather delayed the attack several times. The date was eventually finalized for July 24. However, poor weather on that day forced Leigh-Mallory to postpone for 24 hours. Some heavy bombers from the Eighth Air Force did not get the recall order and proceeded with their mission. About 335 B-17s, some hindered by poor visibility, dropped 685 tons of bombs. Some of the bombs fell on US positions, despite the planning done to prevent just such an occurrence. Bradley had specifi ...
See also:Operation Cobra, Operation Cobra - Background, Operation Cobra - Planning, Operation Cobra - The Effect of the British Breakout Attempt: Goodwood, Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase, Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27, Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4, Operation Cobra - Effects Read more here: » Operation Cobra: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27 |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4 Collins gambled that a breakthrough was imminent and committed elements of all three exploitation Divisions on the morning of the 26th. This was a critical decision. Committing the exploitation units too early, before the German front was broken, would result in crowded units jamming up the attack sectors and exhausting some of their strength. On the other hand, waiting too long might result in a slower-than-necessary advance, allowing the Germans more time to shore up defenses or mount a coordinated coun ...
See also:Operation Cobra, Operation Cobra - Background, Operation Cobra - Planning, Operation Cobra - The Effect of the British Breakout Attempt: Goodwood, Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase, Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27, Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4, Operation Cobra - Effects Read more here: » Operation Cobra: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4 |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Effects Cobra was a transforming operation, effectively ending the Normandy campaign and opening up the dash across France which continued until mid-September 1944. The Allied advance was finally ended not by German resistance, but by lack of supply. Allied units, victims of their own success, outran their logistics.
Ironically, the VIII Corps failed in its task of capturing the major Breton ports. Brest held out until September 1944, and Lorient remained in German hands until May 1945. But by August, with Marseilles captured intact, this did not matter very much, as reco ...
See also:Operation Cobra, Operation Cobra - Background, Operation Cobra - Planning, Operation Cobra - The Effect of the British Breakout Attempt: Goodwood, Operation Cobra - Pre-Attack Phase, Operation Cobra - Initial Attack July 24-27, Operation Cobra - Breakthrough and Breakout July 27-August 4, Operation Cobra - Effects Read more here: » Operation Cobra: Encyclopedia II - Operation Cobra - Effects |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Neptune - Participants The Invasion Fleet was drawn from 8 different navies, comprising 6,939 vessels (1,213 warships, 4,126 transport vessels and 1,600 support vessels).
Among the US ships active in the landing, were the USS Augusta (CA-31), Charles Carroll, Plunkett, Amesbury, Murphy, Bayfield, Hobson and more, as well as ships of other Allied fleets. Also in this operation was Task Force "O" of the US Navy.
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See also:Operation Neptune, Operation Neptune - Participants, Operation Neptune - Operation Gambit, Operation Neptune - Naval screen, Operation Neptune - Definition Read more here: » Operation Neptune: Encyclopedia II - Operation Neptune - Participants |
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| | | | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tonga - The Battle
Operation Tonga - Operation Coup-de-Main.
The initial assault was carried out by 181 soldiers -- four platoons of D and two of B Companies, 2nd Ox & Bucks -- in six Horsa gliders, led by Major John Howard. The operation is frequently referred to as Operation Coup de Main, although since coup-de-main is a term frequently used for a swift pre-emptive strike it is not clear if ...
See also:Operation Tonga, Operation Tonga - The Plan, Operation Tonga - The Battle, Operation Tonga - Operation Coup-de-Main, Operation Tonga - Reinforcing the Bridges, Operation Tonga - The Merville Battery, Operation Tonga - The River Dives Bridges, Operation Tonga - Defensive Positions, Operation Tonga - Aftermath Read more here: » Operation Tonga: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tonga - The Battle |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tonga - Aftermath Operation Tonga had been a complete success, despite the scattered drop of the parachutists which denied them, at the very best, of 50% of their strength. The arrival of the 6th Airlanding Brigade and other units with the Second Lift, Operation Mallard, did much to consolidate the positions gained on the first night. Subsequent attempts by the 6th Airlanding Brigade to expand the bridgehead southwards by capturing the villages of Escoville and Longueval were unsuccessful, but in spite of frequent battles, the sout ...
See also:Operation Tonga, Operation Tonga - The Plan, Operation Tonga - The Battle, Operation Tonga - Operation Coup-de-Main, Operation Tonga - Reinforcing the Bridges, Operation Tonga - The Merville Battery, Operation Tonga - The River Dives Bridges, Operation Tonga - Defensive Positions, Operation Tonga - Aftermath Read more here: » Operation Tonga: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tonga - Aftermath |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tonga - The Plan Operation Tonga had four main objectives.
1. To capture intact the two bridges running over the River Orne, near Ranville, and the Caen Canal, at Bénouville, both of which were connected to each other by the same road with a mere 500 yards between them.
2. The destruction of the Merville Battery, a heavily fortified gun emplacement, four miles to the north-east of Ranville. The Battery overlooked Sword Beach, and it was therefore seen as a considerable threat to the invasion as its four guns could account for thousands o ...
See also:Operation Tonga, Operation Tonga - The Plan, Operation Tonga - The Battle, Operation Tonga - Operation Coup-de-Main, Operation Tonga - Reinforcing the Bridges, Operation Tonga - The Merville Battery, Operation Tonga - The River Dives Bridges, Operation Tonga - Defensive Positions, Operation Tonga - Aftermath Read more here: » Operation Tonga: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tonga - The Plan |
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| | | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Lion - Lions in culture
Lion - Lions in sculpture.
Lions have been widely used in sculpture and statuary to provide a sense of majesty and awe, especially on public buildings, including:
The Great Sphinx of Giza
Nelson's column in London's Trafalgar Square.
The entrance to the Britannia Bridge crossing of the Menai Strait, Wales.
Patience and Fortitude, the large stone lions outside the main branch of the New York Public Library, also the mascots of the New York and Bro ...
See also:Lion, Lion - Lions in the wild, Lion - Lion Subspecies, Lion - Attacks on humans, Lion - Cross-breeding with tigers, Lion - Lions in culture, Lion - Lions in sculpture, Lion - Lions in heraldry, Lion - Lions in media, Lion - Morphology of the lion skull Read more here: » Lion: Encyclopedia II - Lion - Lions in culture |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Army of Northern Virginia - Characteristics The army was noted for its aggressiveness and audacity, almost always pitted in battle against an opponent that outnumbered it, sometimes (such as at Antietam and Chancellorsville) two-to-one.
Robert E. Lee's Farewell to the Army of Northern Virginia showed his admiration of, and devotion to, his men:
After four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.
I need n ...
See also:Army of Northern Virginia, Army of Northern Virginia - Command structure, Army of Northern Virginia - Campaigns and battles, Army of Northern Virginia - Characteristics, Army of Northern Virginia - Notes Read more here: » Army of Northern Virginia: Encyclopedia II - Army of Northern Virginia - Characteristics |
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| | | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Martello tower - Origins The towers' design was inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger Genovese defense system, at Mortella Point in Corsica (see picture in external link below). In 1794, the tower's defenders successfully resisted an attack by two British warships, HMS Fortitude (74 guns) and HMS Juno (32 guns). The tower was eventually captured by land-based forces under John Moore after two days of heavy fighting.
The British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower against their most modern warships and copied the design. However, they got the name wr ...
See also:Martello tower, Martello tower - Origins, Martello tower - Martello towers in the British Isles, Martello tower - Martello towers elsewhere, Martello tower - Australia, Martello tower - Canada, Martello tower - Ireland, Martello tower - Mauritius Read more here: » Martello tower: Encyclopedia II - Martello tower - Origins |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Eye of the Needle - Plot teaser Operation Fortitude was the massive counter-intelligence operation undertaken by the Allies during World War II. The goal of the operation was to divert German military troops from Normandy, the site of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France. If the German OKW (High Command, West) were convinced that the invasion was to come at Calais, those resources would not be able to reach the battlefield, blocked by the Seine river.
To that end, the Allies created the fictitious First U.S. Army Group (FUSAG), postioned in northern Eng ...
See also:Eye of the Needle, Eye of the Needle - Primary cast, Eye of the Needle - Plot teaser, Eye of the Needle - List of characters, Eye of the Needle - External link Read more here: » Eye of the Needle: Encyclopedia II - Eye of the Needle - Plot teaser |
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| | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Clan Farquharson - Symbols etecetera
Clan Farquharson - Crest.
On a chapeau Gules furred Ermine, a demi-lion Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Proper
Clan Farquharson - Motto.
Fide et Fortitudine ("By Fidelity and Fortitude")
(On compartment) I force nae freen, I fear nae foe
Clan Farquharson - Tartans. < ...
See also:Clan Farquharson, Clan Farquharson - Gaelic names, Clan Farquharson - Origin of name, Clan Farquharson - Symbols etecetera, Clan Farquharson - Crest, Clan Farquharson - Motto, Clan Farquharson - Tartans, Clan Farquharson - Septs of Clan Farquharson, Clan Farquharson - History, Clan Farquharson - Jacobite Rebellion, Clan Farquharson - Clan Farquharson today Read more here: » Clan Farquharson: Encyclopedia II - Clan Farquharson - Symbols etecetera |
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| | | | | | Fortitude: Encyclopedia II - Mary Campbell - Cultural Significance Mary Campbell is widely known of in Northeast Ohio and parts of Pennsylvania, and is spoken of as an example of courage and fortitude. The story is also cited as evidence that popular stereotypes of Native American brutality are not justified. Most long-time residents know the basics of her story, which is frequently told to children, and the general facts of her experience are taught in local schools.
Mary Campbell's local popularity has led to a number of books, including Song of Courage, Song of Freedom: The Story of the Child, ...
See also:Mary Campbell, Mary Campbell - Biography, Mary Campbell - Cultural Significance, Mary Campbell - Apochryphal and Conflicting Information, Mary Campbell - Sources Read more here: » Mary Campbell: Encyclopedia II - Mary Campbell - Cultural Significance |
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