Former countries in Chinese history

The kingdom of Champa (or Lin-yi in Chinese records) controlled what is now south and central Vietnam from approximately 192 through 1697. The empire began to decline in the late 15th century, became a Vietnamese vassal state in 1697, and was finally dissolved in 1832. Writing Champa's history was dominated, until the end of the Twentieth Century, by the Chinese and Vietname annals. This imposed a unitary view on Cham history which is not supported by epigraphical, geographical, or archaeological records. Recently, a rev ...

Including:

• Champa - Prehistory
• Champa - History
• Champa - The dynasties of Champa
• Champa - External References

Read more here: » Champa: Encyclopedia - Champa

Ta-Hsia, or Daxia (Chinese: 大夏) is the name given in antiquity by the Chinese to the territory of Bactria. The name Ta-Hsia appears in Chinese from the 3rd century BCE to designate a mythical kingdom to the West, possibly a consequence of the first contacts with the expansion of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and then is used by the explorer Zhang Qian in 126 BCE to designate Bactria. The reports of Zhang Qian were put in writing in the Shiji ("Records of the Great Historian") by Sima Qian in the 1st century BCE. ...

Read more here: » Ta-Hsia: Encyclopedia - Ta-Hsia

Wiman Joseon (194 BC - 108 BC), was a continuation of Gojoseon, beginning with the rule of Wiman. It is generally classified as a part of the Gojoseon period, while some consider it a separate period of ancient Korean history. Wiman was originally a refugee from the Chinese state of Yan. He succeeded in driving out King Jun of Gojoseon and taking over the throne. He made the capital in Wanggeomseong (王險城), today's P'yŏngyang. Although culturally ...

Read more here: » Wiman Joseon: Encyclopedia - Wiman Joseon

See also: History of Xinjiang The situation came to a head in 1930, when the khan of Hami prefecture (Kumul) in eastern Xinjiang, Shah Mexsut, died. In policies carried over from the Qing era, the khan had been allowed to continue his hereditary rule over the area consistent with the principles of feudalism or satrapy. The importance of Hami territory, strategically located straddling the main road linking the province to eastern China and rich in undeveloped farmland, together with a desire by the government to consolidate power and eliminate the old practice of indirect rule, led Jin to abolish t ...

See also:

First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Origins of the ETR Movement, First East Turkestan Republic - Rebellion, First East Turkestan Republic - Establishment of the ETR, First East Turkestan Republic - End of the First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Sources

Read more here: » First East Turkestan Republic: Encyclopedia II - First East Turkestan Republic - Rebellion

Following Sheng Shicai's departure from Xinjiang, the new Guomindang administration had increasing trouble maintaining law and order. On September 16, 1944, troops that had been sent to Gongha county, a majority Kazak region, were unable to contain a group of rioters. By October 8, the rioters had captured Nilka the county seat. During October the Three District Rebellion broke out generally south of Ghulja in the Ili, Altay and Tarbagatay districts of northern Xinjiang. Aided by the Soviet Union, and backed by a number of Xinjiang ex ...

See also:

Second East Turkestan Republic, Second East Turkestan Republic - Background, Second East Turkestan Republic - The Rebellion, Second East Turkestan Republic - The Negotiations, Second East Turkestan Republic - The End of the East Turkistan Republic, Second East Turkestan Republic - Sources

Read more here: » Second East Turkestan Republic: Encyclopedia II - Second East Turkestan Republic - The Rebellion

After coming under military pressure from the Tibetan Empire some Tangut tribes submitted to Tang China under Emperor DeZong in 799. The Tanguts who submitted were moved to the Ordos region near Ningxia, whereas those who stayed, accepted Tibetan political dominance, and became known in Chinese as Mi-yao. The Tanguts remained loyal to the Tang during the revolt of Huang Chao, but established de-facto independence when Tang fell in 906. They retained their de-facto independence throughout the Five Dynasties period. During this period, ...

See also:

Tangut Empire, Tangut Empire - Name, Tangut Empire - Foundations, Tangut Empire - The Tanguts and the Mongols, Tangut Empire - Rulers of the Tangut Empire

Read more here: » Tangut Empire: Encyclopedia II - Tangut Empire - Foundations

Champa was established by the rebellion of a local official named Kiu-lien against the Chinese authority in 192 in the region of present-day Hue. Champa included thereafter the modern provinces of Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, and Binh Thuan. Initially closely tied to Chinese cultural and religious traditions, wars with neighboring Funan and the acquisition of Funanese territory in the fourth century saw the infusion of Indian culture into Cham society. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian family. Cham communities exist in contempora ...

See also:

Champa, Champa - Prehistory, Champa - History, Champa - The dynasties of Champa, Champa - External References

Read more here: » Champa: Encyclopedia II - Champa - History

See also: History of Xinjiang In the north, aid came to Sheng Shicai's forces in the form of two Soviet brigades, the Altayiiskii and Tarbakhataiskii. The Japanese annexation of Manchuria and rumored support for Ma Zhongying's Hui forces were one cause for concern; equally troubling for Stalin was the prospect that rebellion in Xinjiang might spread to the Soviet Central Asian Republics and offer a haven to Muslim basmachis. Trade ties between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union also gave the Soviets motivation to support Sheng further. The Soviet brigades, backed by air support ...

See also:

First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Origins of the ETR Movement, First East Turkestan Republic - Rebellion, First East Turkestan Republic - Establishment of the ETR, First East Turkestan Republic - End of the First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Sources

Read more here: » First East Turkestan Republic: Encyclopedia II - First East Turkestan Republic - End of the First East Turkestan Republic

While this was transpiring, in the nearby southern Tarim Basin city of Khotan, three brothers educated in the jadidist tradition had led a rebellion of gold miners and established themselves as emirs of the city. The Khotan emirate dispatched one of the three brothers and a former publisher named Sabit Damolla to Kashgar, where they established the Kashgar Affairs Office of the Khotan Government in July of 1933. By the fall of that year, the office had shed many of its links to the Khotan government and reformed itself into the multi-ethnic, ...

See also:

First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Origins of the ETR Movement, First East Turkestan Republic - Rebellion, First East Turkestan Republic - Establishment of the ETR, First East Turkestan Republic - End of the First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Sources

Read more here: » First East Turkestan Republic: Encyclopedia II - First East Turkestan Republic - Establishment of the ETR

Dynasty I 192- ? Sri Mara ? ? circa 270 Fan Hiong circa 284-336 Fan Yi Dynasty II 336-349 Fan Wen 349- ? Fan Fo circa 377 Bhadravarman I ? Gangaraja ? Manorathavarman d circa 420 Wen Ti Dynasty III circa 420-Fan ? Fan ? Fan ? Fan ? Fan ? Fan ? Fan circa 510 D ...

See also:

Champa, Champa - Prehistory, Champa - History, Champa - The dynasties of Champa, Champa - External References

Read more here: » Champa: Encyclopedia II - Champa - The dynasties of Champa

See also: History of Xinjiang, East Turkestan independence movement The stirrings of Uyghur separatism during the early 20th century were greatly influenced by the Turkish jadidist movement, which spread as wealthier Uyghurs, inspired by notions of Pan-Turkism, traveled abroad to Turkey, Europe, and Russia, and returned home determined to modernize and develop the educational system in Xinjiang. The first major school founded on the European model was located outside of Kashgar and, unlike the traditional curricula of the madra ...

See also:

First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Origins of the ETR Movement, First East Turkestan Republic - Rebellion, First East Turkestan Republic - Establishment of the ETR, First East Turkestan Republic - End of the First East Turkestan Republic, First East Turkestan Republic - Sources

Read more here: » First East Turkestan Republic: Encyclopedia II - First East Turkestan Republic - Origins of the ETR Movement

The Mongol Empire campaigned six times against the Tanguts (1202, 1207, 1209-10, 1211-13, 1214-19, 1225-26). In 1207 Li An-ch'uan submitted to the Mongols, and gave his daughter to Činggis Qaɣan (commonly known as Genghis Khan) in marriage. Li An-ch'uan abdicated, and then died, in 1211. The Mongols asked their allies and tributaries for military aid in the campaign against the Islamic countries, although the Tangut emperor Li Zunxu was willing, his court and in particular his general Aša-gambu recommended against it. When � ...

See also:

Tangut Empire, Tangut Empire - Name, Tangut Empire - Foundations, Tangut Empire - The Tanguts and the Mongols, Tangut Empire - Rulers of the Tangut Empire

Read more here: » Tangut Empire: Encyclopedia II - Tangut Empire - The Tanguts and the Mongols