Fordism

Taylorism is often mentioned along with Fordism, because it was closely associated with mass production methods in manufacturing factories. Taylor's own name for his approach was scientific management. It relied upon time and motion study to find the "one best method" to achieve a goal, i.e., one that was shorn of unrequired extra movements. This sort of task-oriented optimization of work tasks is nearly ubiquitous today in menial indu ...

See also:

Scientific management, Scientific management - Mass production methods, Scientific management - Division of labour, Scientific management - Failings

Read more here: » Scientific management: Encyclopedia II - Scientific management - Mass production methods

Most generally, the accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In economics, accounting and Marxian economics, capital accumulation is often equated with investment, especially in real capital goods. But Capital accumulation can refer to either real investment in tangible means of production, or financial investment in paper assets, or investment in non-productive physical assets such as residential real estate, or "human capital accumulation," i.e., new education and trai ...

Including:

• Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model
• Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation
• Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade
• Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production
• Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction
• Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation
• Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk
• Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars
• Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia - Capital accumulation

Brave New World is a 1932 dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley, set in London in the 26th century. The novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology, eugenics and hypnopedia that combine to change society. The world it describes could in fact also be a utopia, albeit an ironic one: Humanity is carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. Warfare and poverty have been eliminated, all races are equal, and everyone is permanently happy. The irony is, however, that all of these things have been achieved by eliminating many things — family, cultura ...

Including:

• Brave New World - Synopsis
• Brave New World - Fordism and society
• Brave New World - Lenina and Bernard
• Brave New World - The Reservation and the Savage
• Brave New World - Resolution
• Brave New World - Characters
• Brave New World - Of the Fordian society
• Brave New World - Of the Malpais Savage Reservation
• Brave New World - Historical characters
• Brave New World - The World State
• Brave New World - History
• Brave New World - Political geography
• Brave New World - Population
• Brave New World - Technology
• Brave New World - Possible symbolism
• Brave New World - Satire of 1930s society
• Brave New World - Comparison with Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
• Brave New World - Quotes
• Brave New World - Brave New World Revisited
• Brave New World - Related media works
• Brave New World - Publications

Read more here: » Brave New World: Encyclopedia - Brave New World

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and the Henry Ford Company (which later became Cadillac). He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles. This achievement not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and the rest of the world, but also had such tremendous influence over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as "Fordism." Some credit him with c ...

Including:

• Henry Ford - Early Life
• Henry Ford - Detroit Automobile Company
• Henry Ford - Ford Motor Company
• Henry Ford - The Model T
• Henry Ford - The Model A and later
• Henry Ford - Death of Edsel
• Henry Ford - Ford's labor philosophy
• Henry Ford - Common misconceptions
• Henry Ford - Anti-Semitism and The Dearborn Independent
• Henry Ford - Henry Ford and Nazism
• Henry Ford - Hobbies and interests
• Henry Ford - The Ford Foundation
• Henry Ford - Death
• Henry Ford - Quotations
• Henry Ford - Timeline

Read more here: » Henry Ford: Encyclopedia - Henry Ford

While his principles have a certain logic, most applications of it fails to account for two inherent difficulties: It ignores individual differences: the most efficient way of working for one person may be inefficient for another; It ignores the fact that the economic interests of workers and management are rarely identical, so that both the measurement processes and the retraining required by Taylor's methods would frequently be resente ...

See also:

Scientific management, Scientific management - Mass production methods, Scientific management - Division of labour, Scientific management - Failings

Read more here: » Scientific management: Encyclopedia II - Scientific management - Failings

Henry Ford, with eleven other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the Ford Motor Company in 1903. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the car covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St. Clair in 39.4 seconds, which was a new land speed record. Convinced by this success, the famous race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country and thereby made the Ford brand known throughout the U.S. Henry Ford was also one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500. < ...

See also:

Henry Ford, Henry Ford - Early Life, Henry Ford - Detroit Automobile Company, Henry Ford - Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford - The Model T, Henry Ford - The Model A and later, Henry Ford - Death of Edsel, Henry Ford - Ford's labor philosophy, Henry Ford - Common misconceptions, Henry Ford - Anti-Semitism and The Dearborn Independent, Henry Ford - Henry Ford and Nazism, Henry Ford - Hobbies and interests, Henry Ford - The Ford Foundation, Henry Ford - Death, Henry Ford - Quotations, Henry Ford - Timeline

Read more here: » Henry Ford: Encyclopedia II - Henry Ford - Ford Motor Company

Brave New World - Introduction to The World State & Lenina and Bernard Chapters 1-6. The novel begins in London, in the "year of Our Ford 632" (AD 2540 in the Gregorian Calendar). The entire planet is united as The World State, under a peaceful world government which has eliminated war, poverty, crime, and unhappiness by creating a homogenous high-tech society across Earth, based on the industrial principles of Henry Ford. Fordism forms the bedrock of the new society, gaining a semi-religious status and formi ...

See also:

Brave New World, Brave New World - Characters, Brave New World - Of The World State, Brave New World - Of the Malpais Savage Reservation in New Mexico, Brave New World - Historical characters, Brave New World - Synopsis, Brave New World - Introduction to The World State & Lenina and Bernard Chapters 1-6, Brave New World - The Reservation and the Savage Chapters 7-9, Brave New World - The Savage Visits The World State Chapters 10-15, Brave New World - Resolution Chapters 16-18, Brave New World - Fordism and society, Brave New World - Possible symbolism, Brave New World - Controversy, Brave New World - Comparison with Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Brave New World - Quotes, Brave New World - Brave New World Revisited, Brave New World - Related media works, Brave New World - Publications

Read more here: » Brave New World: Encyclopedia II - Brave New World - Synopsis

One essential criticism of technocracy is that many governmental decisions are not technical, but political in essence. A technical decision is one that may be reached through know-how, expertise and experience, using rational arguments. A political decision is one that reflects some subjective choices, for instance regarding human values, or some choice regarding some very uncertain future. For instance, a technocrat may follow neoclassical economics and decide that some factory is not economically efficient and thus that it should b ...

See also:

Technocracy bureaucratic, Technocracy bureaucratic - Criticism of Technocracy, Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and democracy, Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and socialism, Technocracy bureaucratic - System of governance

Read more here: » Technocracy bureaucratic: Encyclopedia II - Technocracy bureaucratic - Criticism of Technocracy

The novel begins in London, in the "year of Our Ford 632" (AD 2540 in the Gregorian Calendar). The entire planet is united as The World State, under a peaceful world government which has eliminated war, poverty, crime, and unhappiness by creating a homogenous high-tech society across Earth, based on the industrial principles of Henry Ford. Fordism forms the bedrock of the new society, gaining a semi-religious status and forming the backbone of philosophy. Society is rigidly divided into five classes, and all members of society are trained to ...

See also:

Brave New World, Brave New World - Synopsis, Brave New World - Fordism and society, Brave New World - Lenina and Bernard, Brave New World - The Reservation and the Savage, Brave New World - Resolution, Brave New World - Characters, Brave New World - Of the Fordian society, Brave New World - Of the Malpais Savage Reservation, Brave New World - Historical characters, Brave New World - The World State, Brave New World - History, Brave New World - Political geography, Brave New World - Population, Brave New World - Technology, Brave New World - Possible symbolism, Brave New World - Satire of 1930s society, Brave New World - Comparison with Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Brave New World - Quotes, Brave New World - Brave New World Revisited, Brave New World - Related media works, Brave New World - Publications

Read more here: » Brave New World: Encyclopedia II - Brave New World - Synopsis

New trends in capital accumulation include: financialisation (the extraordinarily strong growth of the global financial markets. This is trade in financial claims to current and future income. As a corollary, the proportion of national income which consists of interest income and rentier income increases. Modern information technology makes it possible to engage in very complex investment projects and shift funds extremely quickly from one placement to another in space and time. This increases the rotation sp ...

See also:

Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation

Neoclassical economics represents the main body of modern economics. Neoclassical economists begin with a set of assumptions that enable a mathematical treatment of the subject. The typical assumptions take societal preferences as fixed, rather than allowing them to evolve within the analysis. This co-evolution of ecological, environmental, and economic systems is a focus of green economics. The greens are often confused both with political Greens and with mainstream environmental economists. The green economists share broader ecologi ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical

Manufacturing - Taxonomy of manufacturing processes. Taxonomy of manufacturing processes (separate page) Manufacturing - Manufacturing systems. Craft or Guild system English system of manufacturing American System of manufacturing Soviet collectivism in manufacturing Mass production Just In Time manufacturing Lean manufacturing Flexible manufacturing Mass customization Agile manufacturing ...

See also:

Manufacturing, Manufacturing - Manufacturing topics, Manufacturing - Taxonomy of manufacturing processes, Manufacturing - Manufacturing systems, Manufacturing - Theories, Manufacturing - Control, Manufacturing - Manufacturing engineering, Manufacturing - Assembly systems, Manufacturing - Design, Manufacturing - Others, Manufacturing - Lists of related topics

Read more here: » Manufacturing: Encyclopedia II - Manufacturing - Manufacturing topics

There have been numerous psychological and sociological studies of the motivations of investment behaviour by individuals. Most of these suggest that the propensity to accumulate capital is associated with qualities such as an intelligent understanding of property ownership, a positive attitude towards money, the ability to seize a money-making opportunity, and a desire to acquire more wealth. These are not innate or genetic qualities, but learnt through social experience. However, even if a strong motivation for enrichment exists, th ...

See also:

Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology, sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Psychology, sociology and ethics of capital accumulation

There is, as yet, no clear agreement between greens even on basic terms of reference. Difficulty of measuring diverse "ecological flows" makes the field also diverse. It is generally impossible to distinguish green economists, ecology theorists and systems theorists, as the green analysis deliberately uses metaphors from natural capital to describe or design infrastructural capital, i.e. employing biomimicry in the broadest sense. A good summary of attitudes is that of Lynn Margulis who holds that ethics, economics, and biology are indisting ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Biology versus buying

One holy grail of green economists is a theory of why humans see value in such commodities as gold, and why they habitually reward social and sexual fitness (i.e. appearances) strongly over ecological fitness (i.e. energy efficiency, survival) whenever they have the luxury to build complex financial systems. This parallels and opposes the ambition of neoclassical economics to find parallels in radically autonomous physics and chemistry - but the two views are complementary, and come together in such doctrines as Natural Capitalism, which seems to ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Value of life

This is a common theme among Greens in general, who have a broad critique of dominator culture and monoculture which has flowered in the anti-globalization movement to unite with other critics of global capitalism. Some, following systems biology, differentiate "between Plant (energy-binding), Animal (space-binding), Human (time-binding) and Truth-binding mechanisms" among which they variously count religion, banking, capitalism and economics itself. Whether greens will ever agree on a single "truth- ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Can green fight global?

At the other scale extreme is the view of Goldsmith, that scientific understanding of human bodies, cognition, and Earth's ecology, constitutes "a single order" and "a single set of laws, whose generalities apply equally well to biological organisms, vernacular societies and ecosystems and to Gaia herself." Such views seem to inspire the Global Greens who believe that centralized measurements can perhaps be reformed, in line with a general ethic that emphasizes "Earth First" (the name of one influential NGO) ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Can green go global?

Of these three assumptions, the third is the oldest, and was first codified clearly in E. F. Schumacher's "Small is Beautiful". It emphasized the value of a local point of view, like that of gardening, that would require "use-value" or "service value" to be assessed in context of a living ecoregion or economic process, and would de-emphasize the value of resource, commodity or product measures. In addition many de-emphasize protest, notably Brian Milani who has contributed significantly to a green micro-economics, e.g. of eco-villages, and n ...

See also:

Green economics, Green economics - Green is non-neoclassical, Green economics - Tendencies and factions, Green economics - Life versus not, Green economics - Ecologies produce people create local is more reliable, Green economics - Small is beautiful, Green economics - Can green go global?, Green economics - Can green fight global?, Green economics - Biology versus buying, Green economics - Value of life, Green economics - Are humans infinitely precious?, Green economics - Influences and opponents

Read more here: » Green economics: Encyclopedia II - Green economics - Small is beautiful

Technocracy can also refer to a system of governance in which laws are enforced by designing the system such that it is impossible to break them. For instance, to prevent people from riding the trolley without paying, you could simply design the trolley cars so that no one can hop on without first inserting payment into a slot which causes the door to open. The same idea can be applied on much larger scales, with automated public surveillance by semi-intelligent systems that automatically control or limit the actions of individ ...

See also:

Technocracy bureaucratic, Technocracy bureaucratic - Criticism of Technocracy, Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and democracy, Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and socialism, Technocracy bureaucratic - System of governance

Read more here: » Technocracy bureaucratic: Encyclopedia II - Technocracy bureaucratic - System of governance

Socialism entails a series of observations, value-judgements, and goals which not only call for production for the needs of all of society but for the quality of work life and respect for workers as the basis of all society. From this standpoint, the French left identify technocracy not only with specialization outside the understanding of the common citizen but with Taylorism (getting the most output from each worker by regimenting movements) and Fordism (assembly-line work for a share in the output), both of which they reje ...

See also:

Technocracy bureaucratic, Technocracy bureaucratic - Criticism of Technocracy, Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and democracy, Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and socialism, Technocracy bureaucratic - System of governance

Read more here: » Technocracy bureaucratic: Encyclopedia II - Technocracy bureaucratic - Technocracy and socialism