forces

Nuclear fission (in nuclear physics, simply fission) is a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei (fission products) and usually some by-product particles. Hence, fission is a form of elemental transmutation. The by-products include free neutrons, photons (usually gamma rays), and other nuclear fragments such as beta particles and alpha particles. Fission of heavy elements can release substantial amounts of useful energy both ...

Including:

• Nuclear fission - Physical overview
• Nuclear fission - Fission reactors
• Nuclear fission - Fission bombs
• Nuclear fission - History
• Nuclear fission - Links

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In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load. A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending. Bending produces reactive forces inside a beam as the beam attempts to accommodate the flexural load: in the case of the beam in Figure 1, the material at the top of the beam is being compressed while the materia ...

Including:

• Bending - Stress in a beam

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The Battle of Culloden (April 16, 1746), was the last military clash in mainland Britain, between the forces of the Jacobites and the British Army. It ended the 1745 Jacobite Rising, and was a massive defeat for the Jacobites. Accounts of this battle and its aftermath vary and are contradictory on some points. This article attempts to provide a reasonable summary. Battle of Culloden - Background. For further detail see Jacobite Rising. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, ...

Including:

• Battle of Culloden - Background
• Battle of Culloden - Armies
• Battle of Culloden - Battle
• Battle of Culloden - Aftermath
• Battle of Culloden - Order Of Battle
• Battle of Culloden - Jacobite Army
• Battle of Culloden - Government Army

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A beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in bending (flexure). Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to a gust of wind or an earthquake). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls or girders, which in turn transfer the force to adjacent structural members. Beams are characterized by their profile (the shape of their cross-section), their length, and their material. In contemporary construction, beams are typically ...

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Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that deals with the positions of stars and other celestial bodies, their distances and movements. It is one of the oldest subfields of the science, the successor to the more qualitative study of positional astronomy. Astrometry dates back at least to Hipparchus, who compiled the first catalogue of stars visible to him and in doing so invented the brightness scale basically still in use today. Modern astrometry was founded by Friedrich Bessel with his Fundamenta astronomiae, which gave the mean position of 3222 stars ...

Including:

• Astrometry - Advances in astrometry
• Astrometry - Astrometrics
• Astrometry - Other references

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For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow. It therefore acts to oppose the motion of the object, and in a powered vehicle it is overcome by thrust. Types of drag are generally divided into three categories: parasitic drag, lift-induced drag and wave drag. Parasitic drag includes form drag, skin friction and interference drag. Lift-induced drag is only relevant when wings or a lifting body are present, and is therefo ...

Read more here: » Air resistance: Encyclopedia - Air resistance

Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. The solution of an aerodynamic problem normally involves calculating for various properties of the flow, such as velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as a function of space and time. Understanding the flow pattern makes it possible to calculate or approximate the forces and moments acting on bodies in the flow. This mathematical analysis and empirical approximation form the scientific basis for heavier-than-ai ...

Including:

• Aerodynamics - Aerodynamic forces on aircraft
• Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics in other fields
• Aerodynamics - Continuity assumption
• Aerodynamics - Conservation laws
• Aerodynamics - Subsonic aerodynamics
• Aerodynamics - Transonic aerodynamics
• Aerodynamics - Supersonic aerodynamics

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A binary system is an astronomy term referring to two objects in space, usually stars, which are so close that their gravitational forces attract one another into a mutual orbit. Astronomers find that more than 50% of stars are binary stars. A multiple system is like a binary system but consists of three or more objects. See Binary star for the common case of a binary system composed of two stars. Binary system astronomy - Brightness Fluctuation. Sometimes, a binary system consists of ...

Including:

• Binary system astronomy - Brightness Fluctuation

Read more here: » Binary system astronomy: Encyclopedia - Binary system astronomy

An airbag is a flexible membrane or envelope, inflatable to contain air or some other gas. Air bags are most commonly used for cushioning, in particular after very rapid inflation in the case of an automobile collision. It was marketed for automobiles first by Allen Breed in 1967, to Chrysler, after his invention of the ball-in-tube sensor for crash detection. Airbag - Automobile airbags. There have been airbag-like devices for aeroplanes as early as the 1940s, though the first actual example in a productio ...

Including:

• Airbag - Automobile airbags
• Airbag - Airbag design
• Airbag - Triggering conditions
• Airbag - Deployment mechanism
• Airbag - Advanced airbag design
• Airbag - Airbag landing systems
• Airbag - Other information

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Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. He was a leading academic proponent of the French Communist Party and his arguments were a response to multiple threats to the ideological foundations of that socialist project. These included both the threat from an empiricism which was beginning to invade Marxist sociology and economics, and a threa ...

Including:

• Louis Althusser - Biographical information
• Louis Althusser - Early Life
• Louis Althusser - Health
• Louis Althusser - Post-War
• Louis Althusser - 1980s
• Louis Althusser - Thought
• Louis Althusser - The 'Epistemological Break'
• Louis Althusser - Practices
• Louis Althusser - Contradiction and Overdetermination
• Louis Althusser - Ideological State Apparatuses
• Louis Althusser - Influence

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In physics and fluid mechanics, the boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. In the atmosphere the boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing. The Boundary layer effect occurs at the field region in which all changes occur in the flow pattern. The boundary layer distorts surrounding nonviscous flow. It is a phenomenon o ...

Including:

• Boundary layer - Aerodynamics
• Boundary layer - Boundary layer equations
• Boundary layer - Turbulent boundary layers
• Boundary layer - Boundary layer turbine
• Boundary layer - Bibliography

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A geostationary orbit (abbreviated GEO) is a circular orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0º latitude). Any point on the equator plane revolves about the Earth in the same direction and with the same period as the Earth's rotation. It is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit (abbreviated GSO), and the one which is of most interest to operators of artificial satellites (including communication and television satellites). Satellite locations may differ by longitud ...

Including:

• Geostationary orbit - Use in artificial satellites
• Geostationary orbit - Derivation of geostationary altitude

Read more here: » Geostationary orbit: Encyclopedia - Geostationary orbit

A shipwreck is the remains of a ship after it has sunk or been beached as a result of a crisis at sea. American usage of the word may also mean the destruction or loss of a ship. Shipwrecks are common targets for treasure hunters/divers for the rich content that some wrecks may hold. Shipwrecks also attract interest for historical reasons as well. Shipwreck - Causes. Ships are lost for many reasons, including: failure of the ship's equipment instability navigatio ...

Including:

• Shipwreck - Causes
• Shipwreck - Equipment failure
• Shipwreck - Instability
• Shipwreck - Navigation errors
• Shipwreck - Bad weather
• Shipwreck - Violence
• Shipwreck - Fire
• Shipwreck - Prevention of shipwrecks
• Shipwreck - State of preservation
• Shipwreck - Construction materials
• Shipwreck - Salinity of water
• Shipwreck - Loss salvage and demolition
• Shipwreck - Depth tide and weather
• Shipwreck - Marine animals

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An editor has expressed a concern that the topic of this article may be unencyclopedic. Please review Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not and try to resolve the objections on the discussion page. This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikibooks. If the page can be re-written into an encyclopedic article, please do so and remove this message. Otherwise, please move the article into one of the following books, as appropriate: All bookshelves - How-tos - Cookbook - C ...

Including:

• Common physics confusers - 1. What makes rockets move in space?
• Common physics confusers - 2. If heat rises why is there snow on the tops of mountains?

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A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by electrons or by electrostatic forces. Classically, strong chemical bonds are found in molecules, crystals or in solid metal and they organize the atoms in ordered structures. Weak chemical bonds are classically explained to be effects of polarity, or the lack of it, of strong bonds. In theory, all bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but in practice, chemical bonds are divided in several categories. Simplifications of quantum theory ha ...

Including:

• Chemical bond - Bonds in chemical formulas
• Chemical bond - Strong chemical bonds
• Chemical bond - Ionic bond
• Chemical bond - Polar covalent bond
• Chemical bond - Covalent bond
• Chemical bond - Other strong bonds
• Chemical bond - Coordinate covalent bond
• Chemical bond - Polyatomic ions
• Chemical bond - Banana bond
• Chemical bond - Chemical bonds involving more than two atoms
• Chemical bond - Aromatic bond
• Chemical bond - Metallic bond
• Chemical bond - Weak chemical bonds
• Chemical bond - Dipole-dipole interactions
• Chemical bond - Hydrogen bond
• Chemical bond - Induced dipole interactions
• Chemical bond - Van der Waals forces
• Chemical bond - Electrons in chemical bonds
• Chemical bond - Limitations of valence bond theory

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The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European country, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. While it can be argued that a common British identity still permeates society (though this is a contested and contentious assert ...

Including:

• Culture of the United Kingdom - Language
• Culture of the United Kingdom - The Arts
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Literature
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Theatre
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Music
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Broadcasting
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Visual Art
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Architecture
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Science and technology
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Religion
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Food
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Education
• Culture of the United Kingdom - England
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Northern Ireland
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Scotland
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Wales
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Higher education
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Sociological issues
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Housing
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Living arrangements
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Sport
• Culture of the United Kingdom - National costume
• Culture of the United Kingdom - Naming convention

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 was a resolution adopted by the United Nations Security Council on September 2, 2004. It called upon Syria to end its military presence in Lebanon by withdrawing its forces and to cease intervening in internal Lebanese politics. The resolution also called on all Lebanese militias (including Hezbollah) to disband. Nine countries voted in favor: Angola, Benin, Chile, France, Germany, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Six countries abstained: Algeria, Bra ...

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In physics, classical mechanics or Newtonian mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of study in the science of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws governing and mathematically describing the motions of bodies and aggregates of bodies. The other sub-field is quantum mechanics. The term classical mechanics was coined in the early 20th century to describe the system of mathematical physics developed in the 400 years since the groundbreaking works of Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo,but before the dev ...

Including:

• Classical mechanics - Description of the theory
• Classical mechanics - Position and its derivatives
• Classical mechanics - Forces; Newton's second law
• Classical mechanics - Energy
• Classical mechanics - Beyond Newton's Laws
• Classical mechanics - Classical transformations
• Classical mechanics - History
• Classical mechanics - Limits of validity
• Classical mechanics - The classical approximation to special relativity
• Classical mechanics - The classical approximation to quantum mechanics
• Classical mechanics - Notes

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Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They consist of cap screws or studs that capture and join other parts, and are secured with the mating of threads. There are two main types of bolted joint designs. In one method the bolt is tightened to a calculated torque, producing a clamp load. The joint will be designed such that the clamp load is never overcome by the forces acting on the joint (and ...

Including:

• Bolted joint - Theory
• Bolted joint - Clamp load
• Bolted joint - Thread strength
• Bolted joint - Setting the torque
• Bolted joint - Property class
• Bolted joint - Failure modes
• Bolted joint - Types of bolts
• Bolted joint - Locking mechanisms

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Physics (from the Greek, φυσικός (physikos), "natural", and φύσις (physis), "nature") is the science of the natural world dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. Sometimes in modern physics a more sophisticated approach is taken that incorporates elements of the three areas listed above; it relates to the laws of symmetry and conservation, such as those pertaining to energy, momentum, charge, and parity. [1] Phy ...

Including:

• Physics - Overview of physics research
• Physics - Central theories
• Physics - Major fields of physics
• Physics - Related fields
• Physics - Theoretical and experimental physics
• Physics - Fringe theories
• Physics - History
• Physics - Future directions
• Physics - Notes

Read more here: » Physics: Encyclopedia - Physics