FM broadcasting

FM broadcasting - Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. Random noise has a 'triangular' spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within the baseband. This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain freque ...

See also:

FM broadcasting, FM broadcasting - Technical characteristics, FM broadcasting - Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, FM broadcasting - FM stereo, FM broadcasting - Other services

Read more here: » FM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcasting - Technical characteristics

AM radio is radio broadcasting using Amplitude Modulation. AM broadcasting - History. AM was the dominant method of broadcasting during the first two thirds of the 20th century and remains widely used into the 21st. The Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook list approximately 16,265 AM stations worldwide. AM radio began with the first, experimental broadcast in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, and was used for small-scale voice and music broadcasts up until World War I. The great increa ...

Including:

• AM broadcasting - History
• AM broadcasting - Operation
• AM broadcasting - Frequencies
• AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio
• AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods
• AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia - AM broadcasting

In the United States, frequency-modulated broadcasting stations operate in a frequency band extending from 87.8 MHz to 108.0 MHz, for a total of 20.2 MHz. It is divided into 100 channels, each 0.2 MHz wide, designated "channel 200" through "channel 300." In actual practice, no one (except the FCC) uses these channel numbers; the frequencies are used instead. To receive a station, an FM receiver is tuned to the center frequency of the station's channel. The lowest channel, channel 200, extends from 87.8 MHz to 88.0 MHz; thus its center ...

See also:

FM broadcasting in the USA, FM broadcasting in the USA - History of FM radio in the US, FM broadcasting in the USA - FM radio channel assignments in the US

Read more here: » FM broadcasting in the USA: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcasting in the USA - FM radio channel assignments in the US

AM radio is broadcast in on several frequency bands: Long wave is 153–279 kHz; it is not available in the Western Hemisphere, and European 9kHz channel spacing is generally used. Medium wave is 530–1,710 kHz in the Americas and 530-1620 in other parts of the world. In the Americas 10kHz spacing is used; elsewhere it is 9kHz. Short wave is 2,300–26,100 kHz, divided into 15 broadcast bands. Shortwave broadcasts gene ...

See also:

AM broadcasting, AM broadcasting - History, AM broadcasting - Operation, AM broadcasting - Frequencies, AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio, AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods, AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - AM broadcasting - Frequencies

Stereo transmissions are possible (see AM stereo), and there is work underway to add digital radio services to currently existing AM transmissions. In the United States, the iBiquity company is developing a proprietary standard for medium wave transmissions, while Digital Radio Mondiale is a more open effort often used on the shortwave bands, and can be used alongside many AM broadcasts. While FM radio can also be received by cable, AM radio cannot be, although an AM station can be converted into an FM cable signal. In Canada, cable operators that offer FM cable services are required by the CRTC t ...

See also:

AM broadcasting, AM broadcasting - History, AM broadcasting - Operation, AM broadcasting - Frequencies, AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio, AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods, AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods

Because of its susceptibility to atmospheric interference and generally lower-fidelity sound, AM broadcasting is better suited to talk radio and news programming, while music radio and public radio mostly shifted to FM broadcasting in the late 1960s and 1970s. Medium wave and short wave radio signals act differently during daytime and nighttime. During the day, AM signals travel by groundwave, refracting around the curve of the earth over a distance up to a few hundred miles (or kilometers) from the signal transmitter. However, after ...

See also:

AM broadcasting, AM broadcasting - History, AM broadcasting - Operation, AM broadcasting - Frequencies, AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio, AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods, AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio

AM was the dominant method of broadcasting during the first two thirds of the 20th century and remains widely used into the 21st. The Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook list approximately 16,265 AM stations worldwide. AM radio began with the first, experimental broadcast in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, and was used for small-scale voice and music broadcasts up until World War I. The great increase in the use of AM radio came the following decade. The first commercial radio services began on AM in the 1920s (the first American r ...

See also:

AM broadcasting, AM broadcasting - History, AM broadcasting - Operation, AM broadcasting - Frequencies, AM broadcasting - Limitations of AM radio, AM broadcasting - Other distribution methods, AM broadcasting - External link

Read more here: » AM broadcasting: Encyclopedia II - AM broadcasting - History

Main article: History of radio, FM radio. In the United States, FM radio stations broadcast at frequencies of 88–108 MHz. FM radio, and later stereo FM radio, were both developed in the United States primarily by Edwin Armstrong. W1XOJ was the first FM radio station, granted a construction permit by the FCC in 1937. On January 5, 1940 FM radio was demonstrated to the FCC for the firs ...

See also:

FM broadcasting in the USA, FM broadcasting in the USA - History of FM radio in the US, FM broadcasting in the USA - FM radio channel assignments in the US

Read more here: » FM broadcasting in the USA: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcasting in the USA - History of FM radio in the US

A 163-metre guyed high steel lattice mast, belonging to National Grid Wireless, is used primarily for FM broadcasting but carries many other services. On October 30th, 2004, this mast was destroyed by fire. It collapsed, seriously damaging the transmitter building at the base. Services were temporarily restored by transferring them to the adjacent BT tower and two temporary masts. ...

See also:

Peterborough Transmitter, Peterborough Transmitter - National Grid Wireless mast, Peterborough Transmitter - BT concrete tower

Read more here: » Peterborough Transmitter: Encyclopedia II - Peterborough Transmitter - National Grid Wireless mast

FM broadcast band - Center frequencies. While most countries use frequencies ending in .1, .3, .5, .7, or .9, some use .0, .2, .4, .6, and .8. Still others use .15, .35, .55, .75, .95, or .05, .25, .45, .65, .85 instead. A Geneva conference of 1984-12-07 resolved to discontinue the use of 50 kHz offsets throughout Europe[1]. However, some countries, such as Italy which has a heavily-congested FM band, still allow a station on any 50 kHz boundary where it can be squeezed in. This offset helps to prevent co-channel interference, and take advanta ...

See also:

FM broadcast band, FM broadcast band - CCIR bandplan, FM broadcast band - Center frequencies, FM broadcast band - ITU Region II Bandplan and Channel Numbering, FM broadcast band - Deviation and bandpass, FM broadcast band - OIRT bandplan, FM broadcast band - Japanese bandplan

Read more here: » FM broadcast band: Encyclopedia II - FM broadcast band - CCIR bandplan

Stereophonic sound - 1881. Clément Ader demonstrated the first two-channel audio system in Paris in 1881, with a series of telephone transmitters connected from the stage of the Paris Opera to a suite of rooms at the Paris Electrical Exhibition, where listeners could hear a live transmission of performances through receivers for each ear. Scientific American reported, Every one who has been fortunate enough to hear the telephones at the Palais de l'Industrie has remarked that, in listening wi ...

See also:

Stereophonic sound, Stereophonic sound - Stereo recording, Stereophonic sound - Various methods of stereo recording, Stereophonic sound - X-Y technique: intensity sterophony, Stereophonic sound - A-B technique: time-of-arrival sterophony, Stereophonic sound - Near-coincident technique: mixed stereophony, Stereophonic sound - Binaural recording, Stereophonic sound - Using a model of a human head, Stereophonic sound - Playing back stereo recordings, Stereophonic sound - Broadcasting in stereo, Stereophonic sound - Radio, Stereophonic sound - Television, Stereophonic sound - History, Stereophonic sound - 1881, Stereophonic sound - 1930s, Stereophonic sound - 1940 to 1970, Stereophonic sound - Common usage, Stereophonic sound - Balance, Stereophonic sound - Other uses of the word

Read more here: » Stereophonic sound: Encyclopedia II - Stereophonic sound - History

The 103.5 frequency first went on the air in 1948, as WNNJ, which then changed its name to WPAT-FM. FM listenership was very light in those early days of FM broadcasting, and during the 1950s the station would sometimes be off the air for long stretches without anyone knowing it was gone. By 1957 WPAT-FM had relocated to its much better-known frequency of 93.1. ...

See also:

WKTU, WKTU - The original WKTU, WKTU - WNNJ and pre-move WPAT-FM, WKTU - WTFM, WKTU - WAPP, WKTU - The pre-move WQHT, WKTU - The post-move WYNY, WKTU - Sing you sisters!, WKTU - The new WKTU, WKTU - New York Country Returns In HD2, WKTU - Current DJs, WKTU - Management

Read more here: » WKTU: Encyclopedia II - WKTU - WNNJ and pre-move WPAT-FM

The origins of the classic rock radio format can be traced back to The Beatles' groundbreaking album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which would forever change several courses of the rock and roll format, especially with the slow rise of FM broadcasting, even though a majority of people were still listening to AM radio. Since Sgt. Pepper did not spawn any singles, both AM and FM stations began to play select tracks from the album in an attempt to retain listeners. Soon both stations and artists realized that album cuts rather than Top 40-oriented singles c ...

See also:

Classic rock, Classic rock - Origins of classic rock radio, Classic rock - Key artists and albums, Classic rock - Classic Hits format, Classic rock - Symphonic classic rock

Read more here: » Classic rock: Encyclopedia II - Classic rock - Origins of classic rock radio

Edwin Armstrong presented his paper: "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", which first described FM radio, before the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers on November 6, 1935. Frequency modulation requires a wider bandwidth than amplitude modulation by an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against interference. Frequency modulation is also more robust against simple signal amplitude fading phenomena. As a result, FM was chosen a ...

See also:

Frequency modulation, Frequency modulation - Applications in radio, Frequency modulation - Theory, Frequency modulation - Modulation Index

Read more here: » Frequency modulation: Encyclopedia II - Frequency modulation - Applications in radio

Dipole antenna - Set-top TV antenna. The most common dipole antenna is the kind used with televisions called "rabbit ears". While theoretically the dipole elements should be along the same line "rabbit ears" are adjustable in length and angle. Larger dipoles are sometimes hung in a V shape with the center near the radio equipment on the ground or the ends on the ground with the center supported. Shorter dipoles can be hung vertically. Dipole antenna - Folded Dipole. Another common place one can see dipoles is an antenna for the FM band - a folded ...

See also:

Dipole antenna, Dipole antenna - Dipole Characteristics, Dipole antenna - Radiation pattern, Dipole antenna - Feeder Line, Dipole antenna - Common Applications of Dipole Antennas, Dipole antenna - Set-top TV antenna, Dipole antenna - Folded Dipole, Dipole antenna - Shortwave Antenna, Dipole antenna - Whip Antenna, Dipole antenna - Dipoles vs. marconi whip antennas, Dipole antenna - Dipole Towers, Dipole antenna - Colinear antenna systems based on dipoles, Dipole antenna - Dipole Types, Dipole antenna - Ideal Half Wavelength Dipole, Dipole antenna - Folded Dipole, Dipole antenna - Infinitesimal Dipole, Dipole antenna - Dipole as a Reference Standard, Dipole antenna - Dipole with Baluns, Dipole antenna - Current Balun, Dipole antenna - Coax Balun, Dipole antenna - Sleeve Balun, Dipole antenna - External references

Read more here: » Dipole antenna: Encyclopedia II - Dipole antenna - Common Applications of Dipole Antennas

The company was founded by Paul Thompson, and when commercial FM broadcasting was introduced into Australia it acquired the license for the metropolitan Adelaide area; SAFM commenced transmission in late 1980. The next station to join the network was FOX FM in Melbourne in 1986, eventually to be followed by Sydney's 2Day FM and Brisbane's B105. 1996 saw a complicated arrangement in which Austereo purchased the Hoyts owned Triple M network, and Village Roadshow in turn purchased Austereo to form a single umbrella company. The purchases ...

See also:

Austereo Radio Network, Austereo Radio Network - History, Austereo Radio Network - Criticism, Austereo Radio Network - Corporate, Austereo Radio Network - Stations

Read more here: » Austereo Radio Network: Encyclopedia II - Austereo Radio Network - History

1 - Austereo had a monopoly on the FM Commercial audience in Brisbane until the launch of Australian Radio Network/DMG Radio Australia joint venture 97.3 FM in 2004. 2 - The joint venture with RGCapital is a 50/50 ownership of both stations, although in practice Austereo manages NXFM and RGCapital manages KOFM. ...

See also:

Austereo Radio Network, Austereo Radio Network - History, Austereo Radio Network - Criticism, Austereo Radio Network - Corporate, Austereo Radio Network - Stations

Read more here: » Austereo Radio Network: Encyclopedia II - Austereo Radio Network - Stations

Austereo Radio Network's radio stations have been criticized for being left winged as supposed to Australia's newspapers The Advertiser which is criticized for being right-wing. In the 2003 elections, John Howard was constantly been called a 'liar' on the Austereo Radio Network, whereas The Advertiser endorsed him. The radio network has also been criticized, for their pro-gay views with their leading radio station 2DayFM being nicknamed Too Gay FM by radio jocks from their fierce competitor: Nova, owned by ...

See also:

Austereo Radio Network, Austereo Radio Network - History, Austereo Radio Network - Criticism, Austereo Radio Network - Corporate, Austereo Radio Network - Stations

Read more here: » Austereo Radio Network: Encyclopedia II - Austereo Radio Network - Criticism

Current DJs include: Baltazar (Morning Show 5-9am) Goumba Johnny (Morning Show 5-9am) Speedy (Morning Show 5-9am) Cindy Vero (Morning Show 5-9am) Diane Prior (9-2pm) Broadway Bill Lee (2-6pm) Vic Latino (6-10pm) Jewelz (10pm-2am) Charlie Burger (2-5am) Al Bandiero (Weekends) Lil' Cee (Weekends) Showboat (Weekends) Judy Torres (Weekends) K-7 (Weekends) Ba ...

See also:

WKTU, WKTU - The original WKTU, WKTU - WNNJ and pre-move WPAT-FM, WKTU - WTFM, WKTU - WAPP, WKTU - The pre-move WQHT, WKTU - The post-move WYNY, WKTU - Sing you sisters!, WKTU - The new WKTU, WKTU - New York Country Returns In HD2, WKTU - Current DJs, WKTU - Management

Read more here: » WKTU: Encyclopedia II - WKTU - Current DJs

Austereo was partially floated in 2001 on the Australian Stock Exchange. Its stock code is AEO. As of July 2005 the upper management were: Peter Harvie, Chairman Michael Anderson, Chief Executive Officer Guy Dobson, Group Program Director ...

See also:

Austereo Radio Network, Austereo Radio Network - History, Austereo Radio Network - Criticism, Austereo Radio Network - Corporate, Austereo Radio Network - Stations

Read more here: » Austereo Radio Network: Encyclopedia II - Austereo Radio Network - Corporate