floating point

A software bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result. Bugs arise from mistakes and errors, made by people, in either a program's source code or its design. It is said that there are bugs in all useful computer programs, but well-written programs contain relatively few bugs, and these bugs typically do not prevent the program from performing its task. A program that contains a large number of bugs, and/or bugs that seriously interfe ...

Including:

• Software bug - Etymology
• Software bug - Preventing bugs
• Software bug - Debugging
• Software bug - Famous computer bugs
• Software bug - Space exploration
• Software bug - Medical
• Software bug - Computing
• Software bug - Telecommunications
• Software bug - Military
• Software bug - Video games
• Software bug - Modern bugs and security holes
• Software bug - Common types of computer bugs

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The history of the PowerPC begins with IBM's 801 prototype chip of John Cocke's RISC ideas in the late '70s. 801-based cores were used in a number of IBM embedded products, eventually becoming the 16-register ROMP processor used in the IBM RT. The RT had disappointing performance and IBM started the America Project to build the fastest processor on the market. The result was the POWER architecture, introduced with ...

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PowerPC, PowerPC - History, PowerPC - Design features, PowerPC - Endian-modes, PowerPC - Implementations and design wins, PowerPC - Design win summary, PowerPC - Licencees, PowerPC - General-purpose PowerPC processors, PowerPC - Embedded PowerPC microcontrollers, PowerPC - IBM now from AMCC, PowerPC - AMCC, PowerPC - Motorola now Freescale Semiconductor, PowerPC - PA Semi

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Z3 - The Z3 in the context of previous and later designs. Unlike the first non-programmable computer built by Wilhelm Schickard in 1623, the Z3 of 1941 was program-controlled. The success of Zuse's Z3 is often attributed to its use of the simple binary system. This was invented roughly three centuries earlier by Gottfried Leibniz; Boole later used it to develop his Boolean algebra. In 1937, Claude Shannon of MIT introduced the idea of mapping Boolean algebra onto electronic relays ...

See also:

Z3, Z3 - How the Z3 relates to other work, Z3 - The Z3 in the context of previous and later designs, Z3 - Relation to the concept of a universal Turing machine

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When a computer architecture is designed, the choice of a word size is of substantial importance. There are design considerations which encourage particular bit-group sizes for particular uses (e.g. for addresses), and these considerations point to different sizes for different uses. However, considerations of economy in design strongly push for one size, or a very few sizes related by multiples or fractions (submultiples) to a primary size. That ...

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Word computer science, Word computer science - Uses of words, Word computer science - Word size choice, Word computer science - Variable word architectures, Word computer science - Word and byte addressing, Word computer science - The power of 2, Word computer science - Size families, Word computer science - Table of word sizes

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In the 80s Bulgaria manufactured computers according to agreement within the COMECON: mainframes: ISOT series and ES EVM series (abbreviation from Edinnaya Sistema Elektronno Vichislitelnih Machin, or Unified Computer System - created in 1969 by USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia). personal computers: IMKO, Pravetz-82/8M/8A/8E/8C/8D (8-bit) and ISOT 1030, Pravetz-16/16A/16H/286 (16-bit) For example, Pravetz-8M featured two processors (Pr ...

See also:

History of computer hardware in communist countries, History of computer hardware in communist countries - MESM, History of computer hardware in communist countries - Strela, History of computer hardware in communist countries - Odra, History of computer hardware in communist countries - Robotron and ESER, History of computer hardware in communist countries - Bulgarian computers

Read more here: » History of computer hardware in communist countries: Encyclopedia II - History of computer hardware in communist countries - Bulgarian computers

A simple comparison of the system architectures appears to indicate that the floating point capability of the PS3 is better than that of the Xbox 360. This comparison is based on the combined floating point capacity of the Cell (microprocessor) microprocessor and the RSX GPU in the PS3 compared to the combined capacity of the Xenon CPU and Xenos GPU in the Xbox 360. The amount of completely programmable floating point capacity afforded by the Cell microprocessor for general-purpose tasks, like procedural content generation and game physics, ...

See also:

PlayStation 3, PlayStation 3 - History, PlayStation 3 - Cost and release date, PlayStation 3 - Manufacturing Costs, PlayStation 3 - Hardware specifications, PlayStation 3 - Central processing unit, PlayStation 3 - Graphics processing unit, PlayStation 3 - Memory, PlayStation 3 - Theoretical system bandwidth, PlayStation 3 - Overall floating-point capability, PlayStation 3 - Audio/video output, PlayStation 3 - Storage, PlayStation 3 - Physical dimensions, PlayStation 3 - Communications, PlayStation 3 - Controller, PlayStation 3 - Miscellaneous, PlayStation 3 - Games in development, PlayStation 3 - Software development kit, PlayStation 3 - GNU/Linux, PlayStation 3 - Online services, PlayStation 3 - Region Coding, PlayStation 3 - Backwards compatibility, PlayStation 3 - Games, PlayStation 3 - Peripherals, PlayStation 3 - Gallery, PlayStation 3 - Screenshot gallery, PlayStation 3 - Side Note

Read more here: » PlayStation 3: Encyclopedia II - PlayStation 3 - Hardware specifications

Tremor, a version of the Vorbis decoder which uses fixed-point arithmetic (rather than floating point), was made available to the public on September 2, 2002 (also under a BSD-style license). Tremor, or platform specific versions based on it, is more suited to implementation on the limited facilities available in commercial audio systems (such as portable players). A number of versions that make adjustments for specific platforms and include customized optimizations for given embedded microprocessors have been produced. Several hardwa ...

See also:

Vorbis, Vorbis - Popularity growth, Vorbis - Codec comparisons, Vorbis - Technical details, Vorbis - Licensing, Vorbis - Use in video games, Vorbis - Hardware and software support, Vorbis - Hardware, Vorbis - Software, Vorbis - Trivia, Vorbis - Listening tests

Read more here: » Vorbis: Encyclopedia II - Vorbis - Hardware and software support

From 1950 to 1965, IBM and several other companies manufactured numerous computer models, most of which were incompatible with each other. IBM had two model categories: one for commercial or data processing use, and one for engineering and scientific use. The two categories were largely incompatible with each other, and there were incompatibilities even within each category. All that changed with the announcement of the System/360 (S/360) in April, 1964. The System/360 was a single series of compatible models for both commercial and scientific use. The System/360 later evolved into the System/370, the Sy ...

See also:

IBM mainframe, IBM mainframe - History, IBM mainframe - Software, IBM mainframe - Operating systems, IBM mainframe - Middleware, IBM mainframe - Notes

Read more here: » IBM mainframe: Encyclopedia II - IBM mainframe - History

IEEE's Constitution defines the purposes of the organization as "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences." In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves as a major publisher of scientific journals and a conferences organizer. It is also a leading developer of industrial standards in a broad range of disciplines, including electric power ...

See also:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Overview, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Grades, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Senior Member Grade, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Fellow Grade, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE Xplore, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - History, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Standards & the IEEE Standards Development Process, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Notable IEEE committees and formats, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE Awards and Honors

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In computer languages, identifiers are textual tokens (also called symbols) which name language entities. In programming languages, examples of such entities are variables, types, labels, subroutines, packages, etc. Computer languages usually place restrictions on what an identifier may look like. For example, in C++, one restriction is that identifiers must be composed of letters, digits, and underscores. In compiled programming languages, identifiers are compile time entities. That is, at runtime the compiled program operates in terms of memory addresses and offsets, ...

See also:

Identifier, Identifier - Identifiers in computer languages

Read more here: » Identifier: Encyclopedia II - Identifier - Identifiers in computer languages

IBM POWER - The 801 project. In 1974, IBM started a project with a design objective of creating a large telephone-switching network with a potential capacity to deal with at least 300 calls per/second. With a projected use of 20,000 instructions for each call while maintaining a real-time response, a safety margin of at least 12 MIPS was deemed necessary. Even though this requirement had been extremely ambitious at this time, the switching network would need only to perform I/O, branches, add register-register, move to register/memory, and would have little need for ...

See also:

IBM POWER, IBM POWER - History, IBM POWER - The 801 project, IBM POWER - 1982 Research Project “Cheetah”, IBM POWER - The America Project, IBM POWER - PowerPC, IBM POWER - POWER2, IBM POWER - Amazon, IBM POWER - POWER3, IBM POWER - POWER4, IBM POWER - POWER5, IBM POWER - POWER6 and POWER7, IBM POWER - The architecture, IBM POWER - Implementations, IBM POWER - Derivative CPUs

Read more here: » IBM POWER: Encyclopedia II - IBM POWER - History

An upgraded version, the IBM 7094, was first installed in September 1962. It had seven index registers, instead of three on the earlier machines. The 7094 console had a distinctive box on top that displayed lights for the four new index registers. The 7094 introduced double-precision floating point and additional instructions, but was largely backward compatible with the 7090. Minor changes in instruction formats, particularly the way the additional ind ...

See also:

IBM 7090, IBM 7090 - IBM 7094 and IBM 7040/7044, IBM 7090 - Instruction and data formats, IBM 7090 - Input/Output, IBM 7090 - Notable applications, IBM 7090 - Reference

Read more here: » IBM 7090: Encyclopedia II - IBM 7090 - IBM 7094 and IBM 7040/7044

The following commands are used in "core PILOT". A: Accept input into "accept buffer". Examples: R:Next line of input replaces current contents of accept buffer A: R:Next line of input replaces accept buffer, and string variable 'FREE' A:$FREE R:Next 3 lines of input assigned to string variables 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' A:$X,$Y,$Z R:Numeric input assigned to numeric variable "Q" A:#Q C: Compute and assign numeric value. Example: R:Assign arithmetic mean of #X and #Y to #AM C:#AM=(#X+#Y)/2 Most PILOT implementations hav ...

See also:

PILOT, PILOT - Language syntax, PILOT - Command letters, PILOT - Extension features

Read more here: » PILOT: Encyclopedia II - PILOT - Command letters

The PDP-11 processors tended to fall into several natural groups depending on the original design upon which they are based and which I/O bus they used. Within each group, most models were offered in two versions, one intended for OEMs and one intended for end-users. PDP-11 - Unibus models. The following models used the Unibus as their principal bus: PDP-11 (later renamed the PDP-11/20) and PDP-11/15 -- The original, direct execution processor. PDP-11/35 and 11/40 -- A microprogrammed ...

See also:

PDP-11, PDP-11 - Unique Features of the PDP-11 Series, PDP-11 - Instruction Set, PDP-11 - No Dedicated I/O Bus, PDP-11 - Designed for Mass Production, PDP-11 - The LSI-11, PDP-11 - The Decline of the PDP-11, PDP-11 - Architectural Details, PDP-11 - General register addressing modes, PDP-11 - Program Counter addressing modes, PDP-11 - PDP-11 instructions, PDP-11 - Assembly Language Programming Example, PDP-11 - PDP-11 models, PDP-11 - Unibus models, PDP-11 - Q-bus models, PDP-11 - Models that were available for either bus, PDP-11 - Models without standard bus, PDP-11 - Models that were planned but never introduced, PDP-11 - Special purpose versions, PDP-11 - Clandestine clones, PDP-11 - Operating Systems

Read more here: » PDP-11: Encyclopedia II - PDP-11 - PDP-11 models

IBM 700/7000 series - Data Formats. Numbers were 36 bits long, both fixed point and floating point. (See: Why 36 bits?) Fixed point numbers were stored in binary sign/magnitude format. Single precision floating point numbers had a magnitude sign, an 8-bit excess-128 exponent and a 29 bit magnitude Double precision floating point numbers, introduced on the 7094, had a magnitude sign, a 17-bit excess-65536 exponent, and a 54 bit magnitude Alphanumeric characters were 6-bit BCD, packed six to a wo ...

See also:

IBM 700/7000 series, IBM 700/7000 series - Architectures, IBM 700/7000 series - First Architecture 701, IBM 700/7000 series - Data Formats, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction Format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - Scientific Architecture 704/709/7090/7094, IBM 700/7000 series - Data Formats, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction Format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - Input/Output, IBM 700/7000 series - Commercial Architecture 702/705/7080, IBM 700/7000 series - Data format, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction Format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - Decimal Architecture 7070/7072/7074, IBM 700/7000 series - Data format, IBM 700/7000 series - Instruction format, IBM 700/7000 series - Registers, IBM 700/7000 series - Memory, IBM 700/7000 series - IBM 700 series vacuum tubes 1950s, IBM 700/7000 series - IBM 7000 series transistors 1960s

Read more here: » IBM 700/7000 series: Encyclopedia II - IBM 700/7000 series - Scientific Architecture 704/709/7090/7094

Looping is repeating an instruction set until a specific condition is met. An infinite loop occurs when the condition will never be met, due to some inherent characteristic of the loop. There are a few situations when this is desired behavior. For example, many server programs such as Internet or database servers loop forever waiting for and servicing requests, though these may not be strictly considered infinite loops, because manual program termination still serves as a condition which exits the loop. Most often, the term is used for those ...

See also:

Infinite loop, Infinite loop - Looping, Infinite loop - Pseudo-infinite loops, Infinite loop - Impossible Termination Condition, Infinite loop - Infinite Recursion

Read more here: » Infinite loop: Encyclopedia II - Infinite loop - Looping

Information hiding serves as an effective criteria for dividing any piece of equipment, software or hardware, into modules of functionality. For instance a car is a complex piece of equipment. In order to make the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of a car reasonable, the complex piece of equipment is divided into modules with particular interfaces hiding design decisions. By designing a car in this fashion, a car manufacturer can also offer various options while still having ...

See also:

Information hiding, Information hiding - Uses, Information hiding - Example, Information hiding - History

Read more here: » Information hiding: Encyclopedia II - Information hiding - Example

Lua is intended for use as an extension or scripting language, and is compact enough to fit on a variety of host platforms. It supports only a small number of atomic data structures such as boolean values, numbers (double-precision floating point by default), and strings. Typical data structures such as arrays, sets, hash tables, lists, and records can be represented using Lua's single native data structure, the table, which is essentially a heterogeneous map. Namespaces and objects can also be created using tables. By including only a minimum of data types, Lua ...

See also:

Lua programming language, Lua programming language - Philosophy, Lua programming language - History, Lua programming language - Features, Lua programming language - Example code, Lua programming language - Tables, Lua programming language - Object-oriented programing, Lua programming language - Internals, Lua programming language - Applications, Lua programming language - Books

Read more here: » Lua programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lua programming language - Features

Tremor, a version of the Vorbis decoder which uses fixed-point arithmetic (rather than floating point), was made available to the public on September 2, 2002 (also under a BSD-style license). Tremor, or platform specific versions based on it, is more suited to implementation on the limited facilities available in commercial audio systems (such as portable players). A number of versions that make adjustments for specific platforms and include customized optimizations for given embedded microprocessors have been produced. Several hardwa ...

See also:

Vorbis, Vorbis - Popularity growth, Vorbis - Codec comparisons, Vorbis - Technical details, Vorbis - Licensing, Vorbis - Hardware and software support, Vorbis - Hardware, Vorbis - Software, Vorbis - Trivia, Vorbis - Listening tests

Read more here: » Vorbis: Encyclopedia II - Vorbis - Hardware and software support

The XSCALE core is used in a number of microcontroller families manufactured by Intel: notably Application Processors (with the prefix PXA), I/O Processors (with the prefix IOP), Network Processors (with the prefix IXP) and Control Plane Processors (with the prefix IXC). There are also standalone processors: the 80200 and 80219 (targeted primarily at PCI applications). Intel XScale - Application Processors. There are three generations of XScale Application Processors: ...

See also:

Intel XScale, Intel XScale - Architecture, Intel XScale - Families, Intel XScale - Application Processors, Intel XScale - Applications

Read more here: » Intel XScale: Encyclopedia II - Intel XScale - Families

The most obvious enhancements to the standard are the addition of 128-bit and decimal formats, and some new operations, however there have been significant clarifications in terminology throughout. This summary highlights the major differences in each major section of the standard. Note that the revision is not yet an approved standard—so all these changes are, in effect, proposals. IEEE 754r - Scope. The scope has been widened to include decimal formats and arithmetic. ...

See also:

IEEE 754r, IEEE 754r - Revision process, IEEE 754r - Summary of the revisions, IEEE 754r - Scope, IEEE 754r - Definitions, IEEE 754r - Formats, IEEE 754r - Rounding, IEEE 754r - Operations, IEEE 754r - Sections 6–8, IEEE 754r - Non-compatible extensions, IEEE 754r - Underflow, IEEE 754r - Annexes, IEEE 754r - Open areas of current work

Read more here: » IEEE 754r: Encyclopedia II - IEEE 754r - Summary of the revisions