First Republic of Armenia

With 1916 Russian offensive the occupation of eastern half of the Anatolia, including most of the provinces Van, Bitlis, and Erzurum and costal regions of black sea Trabzon the visions of liberation were flourished. Armenian visions of liberation with Russian help from the Ottoman Empire were the main reason Armenians in these provinces was helping Russian army. As soon as the imperial army reached its goals, they disbanded the Armenian volunteer regiments that had participated to the offenses. To prevent regrouping the Armenians who were mi ...

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First Republic of Armenia, First Republic of Armenia - Establishment, First Republic of Armenia - WWI, First Republic of Armenia - After WWI, First Republic of Armenia - Refugee Problem, First Republic of Armenia - Turkish-Armenian War, First Republic of Armenia - Goverment Structure, First Republic of Armenia - Prime Ministers, First Republic of Armenia - Ref

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Armenians of Baku - Stephan Shahumyan and 3 Armenian brigades defended Baku for Russia and Allies during the 1918 against Turkey, Germany and their vassals - Caucasian Tartars (now days Azerbaijanians). The heroic defense of Baku by Armenians was a great support for Anti-German and Anti-Turkish powers and lead to the 1918 November capitulation of Central powers. As German general von Ludendorf said: Armenians were the only fighting nation in the East (from Erzurum to Baku). 8 months of Armenian struggl ...

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First Republic of Armenia, First Republic of Armenia - Strategic Baku in World War I, First Republic of Armenia - Prime Ministers

Read more here: » First Republic of Armenia: Encyclopedia II - First Republic of Armenia - Strategic Baku in World War I

Despite this thesis, most Armenian, Western, and an increasing number of Turkish scholars believe that the massacres were a case of what is termed genocide. For example, most Western sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll. The event is also said to be the second-most studied case of genocide, and often draws comparison with the Nazi Holocaust. A growing list of countries, as discussed below, have officially recognized and accepted the authenticity of the Armenian Genocide. Armenian Genocide - Armenians in AnatoliaIncluding:

• Armenian Genocide - Armenians in Anatolia
• Armenian Genocide - The War in Eastern Turkey
• Armenian Genocide - Genocide
• Armenian Genocide - Camps
• Armenian Genocide - Special Organization Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa
• Armenian Genocide - Military trials Istanbul 1919
• Armenian Genocide - Position of the Turkish government
• Armenian Genocide - Stance taken by Turkish intellectuals
• Armenian Genocide - Oppopsition to the genocide thesis
• Armenian Genocide - Support for the genocide thesis
• Armenian Genocide - International stances
• Armenian Genocide - Casualties 1914 to 1923
• Armenian Genocide - Memorial
• Armenian Genocide - Armenian Genocide in popular culture
• Armenian Genocide - Resources

Read more here: » Armenian Genocide: Encyclopedia - Armenian Genocide

Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia. The border between Armenia and Turkey was defined in the Treaty of Sèvres, but the Turks refused to accept this border due to its existence in the Treaty of Sèvres and attacked the Armenian Republic. There was a newly proclaimed Armenian Republic, Georgia, and Bolsheviks against the nationalists. One of the most important fights had been in this border. Even though there is a pressing Greek danger on the west as the Greeks were advancing very rap ...

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Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War

In 1914, before World War I, there were an estimated two million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, the vast majority of whom were of the Armenian Apostolic faith, with a small number of the Armenian Catholic and Protestant faiths. Until the late 19th century, the Armenians were referred to as millet-i sadika (loyal nation) by the Ottomans, as it is said they were living in harmony with other ethnic groups across the Empire without any major conflict with the central authority — this was despite religious and ethnic differences, as we ...

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Armenian Genocide, Armenian Genocide - Armenians in Anatolia, Armenian Genocide - The War in Eastern Turkey, Armenian Genocide - Genocide, Armenian Genocide - Camps, Armenian Genocide - Special Organization Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, Armenian Genocide - Military trials Istanbul 1919, Armenian Genocide - Position of the Turkish government, Armenian Genocide - Stance taken by Turkish intellectuals, Armenian Genocide - Oppopsition to the genocide thesis, Armenian Genocide - Support for the genocide thesis, Armenian Genocide - International stances, Armenian Genocide - Casualties 1914 to 1923, Armenian Genocide - Memorial, Armenian Genocide - Armenian Genocide in popular culture, Armenian Genocide - Resources

Read more here: » Armenian Genocide: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Genocide - Armenians in Anatolia

The original Armenian name for the country was Hayq, later Hayastan, translated as the land of Haik, and consisting of the name Haik and the Persian suffix '-stan' (land). According to legend, Haik was a great-great-grandson of Noah (son of Togarmah, who was a son of Gomer, a son of Noah's son, Japheth), and according to an ancient Armenian tradition, a forefather of all Armenians. He is said to have settled below Mount Ararat, travelled to assist in building the Tower of Babel, and, after his return, defeated the Babylo ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - Origin of the name

Armenian-Patriarch Armenian-Woman Armenian & Turkish Retailers ...

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History of Ottoman Armenia, History of Ottoman Armenia - Timeline, History of Ottoman Armenia - Culture of Armenians

Read more here: » History of Ottoman Armenia: Encyclopedia II - History of Ottoman Armenia - Culture of Armenians

Atatürk needed national support. His notoriety from his position, and his status as a hero after the battle of Gallipoli, gave him some credentials. It was not enough to mobilize anything. Besides his task was to disarm the army, he had to secure some relations to gain more movement. He met with Rauf Orbay, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and Refet Bele on June 21 1919. Before Amasya Agrement, Atatürk met with a Bolshevik delegation headed by Colonel Semion M. Budienny. Bolsheviks wanted to annex the Armenian Republic and other parts of the Cauca ...

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Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920

The first communication between nationals and the Entente build when the first time Entente began to see the need to make some kind of arrangement with the Turkish nationalists. To salvage the Sevres Treaty between February 21 and March 12 1921 conference was staged at London. Entente forced the nationalists to agree with the Istanbul government. Bekir Sami, from Ankara, insisted that the delegate from Istanbul can not enter the negotiations. Also he refused to make Sêvres the basis for the discussions. Sêvres was the Ottoman agreement wit ...

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Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923

The new government in Constantinople hoping to dissolute the national movement passed a fatwa from Şeyhülislam (legal opinion). The fatwa stated that true believer should not go along with the nationalist (rebels) movement. Along with this religious decree, government prosecuted Mustafa Kemal and prominent nationalist to death in absentia. At the same time, müfti of Ankara in defense of national movement gave a counter acting fatwa declaring that Constantinople is under control of Entente and the Ferit Paşa government. In this tex ...

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Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922

Armenia has been populated by humans since prehistoric times, and has been proposed as the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden. Armenia was a regional empire with a rich culture in the years leading up to the 1st century, spanning from the shores of the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea during the rule of Tigranes the Great. Armenia's strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many pe ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - History

Armenia is divided into 11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz): Aragatsotn (Արագածոտնի մարզ) Ararat (Արարատի մարզ) Armavir (Արմավիրի մարզ) Gegharkunik (Գեղարքունիքի մարզ) Kotayk (See also:

Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

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Armenians have their own highly distinctive alphabet and language. 96% of the people in the country speak Armenian, while 75.8% of the population speaks Russian as well. The adult literacy rate in Armenia is 99% [4]. Most adults in Yerevan can communicate in Russian, while English is increasing in popularity. Caucasian hospitality is legendary and stems from ancient tradition. Social gatherings focused around sumptuous presentations of course after course of elaborately prepared, well-seasoned (but not spicy-hot) food. The host or hos ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - Culture

Armenia is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus. Located between the Black and Caspian Seas, Armenia is bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan, and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey. Though geographically in Western Asia, politically and culturally Armenia is closely aligned with Europe. Historically, Armenia has been at the crossroads between Europe and Southwest Asia, and is therefore seen as a transcontinental nation. The Republic of Armenia, covering an area of 30,000 sq km, is locat ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - Geography

Armenia has a population of 2,982,904 (July 2005 est.) and is the second most densely populated of the former Soviet republics. There has been a problem of population decline due to elevated levels of emigration after the break-up of the USSR. The rates of emigration and population decline, however, have been decreasing in the recent years, a trend which is expected to continue. In fact Armenia is expected to resume its positive population growth by 2010. Ethnic Armenians make up 97.9% of the population. Most Azerbaijanis, once a siza ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

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Until independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. Agriculture contributed only 20% of net material product and 10% of employment before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - Economy

The war followed World War I, and the Treaty of Sevres. It culminated with the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic, which was cleansed of minorities through the Greco-Turk population exchange of 1922, and the dissolution of the 500 year old Ottoman Empire. It also left the Kurdish question unresolved, as the Kurds were promised an independent state in the Treaty of Sevres, which was not ra ...

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Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors

Armenia is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus. Located between the Black and Caspian Seas, Armenia is bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan, and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey. Though geographically in Western Asia, politically and culturally Armenia is closely aligned with Europe. Historically, Armenia has been at the crossroads between southeastern Europe and western Asia, and is therefore considered a transcontinental nation. The Republic of Armenia, covering an area of 30,000 sq km, is locat ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - Geography

The Government of Armenia's stated aim is to build a Western-style parliamentary democracy as the basis of its form of government. However, international observers have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referenda since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the electoral commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. For the most part however, Armeni ...

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Armenia, Armenia - Origin of the name, Armenia - History, Armenia - Politics, Armenia - Administrative Provinces, Armenia - Geography, Armenia - Economy, Armenia - Demographics, Armenia - Culture, Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Armenia: Encyclopedia II - Armenia - Politics

While there was an official "Special Organization" founded in December 1911 by the Ottoman government, a second organization that participated in what led to the destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community was founded by the lttihad ve Terraki. This organization technically appeared in July 1914, and was supposed to differ from the one already existing in one important point: according to the military court ...

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Armenian Genocide, Armenian Genocide - Armenians in Anatolia, Armenian Genocide - The War in Eastern Turkey, Armenian Genocide - Genocide, Armenian Genocide - Camps, Armenian Genocide - Special Organization Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, Armenian Genocide - Military trials Istanbul 1919, Armenian Genocide - Position of the Turkish government, Armenian Genocide - Stance taken by Turkish intellectuals, Armenian Genocide - Oppopsition to the genocide thesis, Armenian Genocide - Support for the genocide thesis, Armenian Genocide - International stances, Armenian Genocide - Casualties 1914 to 1923, Armenian Genocide - Memorial, Armenian Genocide - Armenian Genocide in popular culture, Armenian Genocide - Resources

Read more here: » Armenian Genocide: Encyclopedia II - Armenian Genocide - Special Organization Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa