The Finnish linguistic situation is to some extent comparable to that of much of the Arabic speaking world, where Classical Arabic is used in official and religious speech and in the literature, whereas colloquial forms of Arabic are used in everyday conversation and in personal letters. There are two main varieties of Finnish used throughout the country. One is the "standard language" (yleiskieli), and the other is the "spoken language" puhekieli. The standard language is used in formal situations like church sermons, p ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

Read more here: » Finnish language: Encyclopedia II - Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish

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Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Pronouns

Adjectives in Finnish are inflected in exactly the same way as nouns, and an adjective must agree in number and case with the noun it is modifying. For example, here are some adjectives: And here are some examples of adjectives inflected to agree with nouns: Notice that the adjectives undergo the same sorts of stem changes when they are inflected as nouns do. Finnish grammar - Comparative formation. The comparative of the adjective is formed by addi ...

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Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Adjectives

In Finnish, a frequentative verb signifies a single action repeated, "around the place" both spatially and temporally. The complete translation would be "go -- around aimlessly". There is a large array of different frequentatives, indicated by lexical agglunative markers. In general, one frequentative is -:i-, and another -ele-, but it is almost always combined with something else. Some forms: sataa -- sadella -- satelee "to rain -- to rain occasionally -- it rains occasionally" amp ...

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Frequentative, Frequentative - English, Frequentative - Finnish, Frequentative - Latin, Frequentative - Russian

Read more here: » Frequentative: Encyclopedia II - Frequentative - Finnish

Since Finnish, a Finno-Ugric language, differs radically in pronunciation and orthography from Indo-European languages, most loans adopted in Finnish either are calques or soon become such. Examples include: from Greek: sarvikuono (rhinoceros, from Greek "rinokeros"), from Latin: viisaudenhammas (wisdom tooth, from Latin "dens sapientiae"), from English: kovalevy (English "hard disk"), from French: kirpputori (flea market, French "marché aux puces"), from German: < ...

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Calque, Calque - English, Calque - Calques from Chinese, Calque - Calques from French, Calque - Calques from German, Calque - Calques from Latin, Calque - Calques from Spanish, Calque - Romance Languages, Calque - German, Calque - Finnish, Calque - Ukrainian

Read more here: » Calque: Encyclopedia II - Calque - Finnish

The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the "Reds" (punaiset), i.e. Social Democrats together with Communists, and the "Whites" (valkoiset), i.e. forces commanded by the Conservative Senate that in the preceding autumn had succeeded a National Unity Senate, intending to maintain the status quo (i.e. retain independence and constitutional monarchy without parliamentarism). Finns have many names for this conflict: vapaussota (War of Liberty), kansalaissota or sis ...

Including:

• Finnish Civil War - Background
• Finnish Civil War - The General Strike 1905
• Finnish Civil War - The February Revolution 1917
• Finnish Civil War - The October Revolution 1917
• Finnish Civil War - The Social Democrats and the revolution
• Finnish Civil War - Conflict
• Finnish Civil War - Outcome

Read more here: » Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia - Finnish Civil War

A very common way of forming adverbs is by adding the ending '-sti' to the inflecting form of the corresponding adjective: The great thing about adverbs is that because they are modifying verbs, not nouns, they don't inflect! Finnish grammar - Comparative formation. The comparative form of the adverb has the ending '-mmin' Finnish grammar - Superlative formation. The superlative form of the adverb has the ending '-immin'. Because of the '-i-', the stem vowel can change, similarly to superlative ad ...

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Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Adverbs

The Finnish dialects are divided into two distinct groups, the Western dialects and the Eastern dialects. [2] The dialects are entirely mutually intelligible and characterized only by minor changes in vowels, diphthongs and rhythm, and as such, they are better classified as accents. For the most part, the dialects operate on the same phonology, grammar and vocabulary. There are only marginal examples of sounds or grammatical constructions isolated to some dialect, not found in standard Finnish. Two examples are the voiced dental fricative found in ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

Read more here: » Finnish language: Encyclopedia II - Finnish language - Dialects

Characteristic features of Finnish (common to other Finno-Ugric languages) are vowel harmony and an agglutinative morphology; due to the extensive use of the latter, words can be quite long. The main stress is always on the first syllable. There are eight vowels, whose lexical and grammatical role is highly important, and which are unusually strictly controlled, so that there is almost no allophony. Vowels are as follows, followed by IPA when not identical: a [ɑ], e, ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

Read more here: » Finnish language: Encyclopedia II - Finnish language - Phonology

The morphosyntactic alignment is nominative-accusative; but, there are two object cases: accusative and partitive. The contrast between the two is telicity, where accusative denotes actions completed as intended (Ammuin hirven "I shot the elk dead"), and partitive denotes incomplete actions (Ammuin hirveä "I shot at the elk"). Often this is confused with perfectivity, but the only element of perfectivity there is in Finnish is that there are some perfective verbs. Transitivity is distinguished by different verbs for transitive ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

Read more here: » Finnish language: Encyclopedia II - Finnish language - Grammar

The Finnish orthography is morphemic, and the morphemic notation is built upon the phonetic principle: with just a few subtle exceptions, within a single morpheme, each phoneme (distinct sound) of the language is represented by exactly one grapheme (independent letter), and each grapheme represents exactly one phoneme, if the morpheme is pronounced in isolation. This makes the language easy for its speakers to sp ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

Read more here: » Finnish language: Encyclopedia II - Finnish language - Orthography

Finnish phonology - Plosives. /k/ voiceless velar plosive /p/ voiceless bilabial plosive /t/ voiceless dental plosive /d/ voiced alveolar plosive (also varies immensely by dialect, see below) The voiceless ...

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Finnish phonology, Finnish phonology - Vowels, Finnish phonology - Vowel phonemes, Finnish phonology - Consonants, Finnish phonology - Plosives, Finnish phonology - Fricatives, Finnish phonology - Nasals, Finnish phonology - Trills, Finnish phonology - Approximants, Finnish phonology - Consonant clusters, Finnish phonology - Consonant gradation, Finnish phonology - Other consonant alterations, Finnish phonology - Orthography, Finnish phonology - Velar nasal, Finnish phonology - Voiced plosives, Finnish phonology - Length, Finnish phonology - Stress, Finnish phonology - Sandhi

Read more here: » Finnish phonology: Encyclopedia II - Finnish phonology - Consonants

The Finnish language does not distinguish gender in nouns or even in personal pronouns: 'hän' = 'he' or 'she' depending on the referent. This causes some unaccustomed Finnish speakers to muddle "he" and "she" when speaking languages such as English or Swedish, which can be a source of confusion. Finnish grammar - Cases. Finnish has fifteen noun cases: four grammatical cases, six locative cases, two essive cases (three in some Eastern dialects) and three marginal cases. Notice that the word in a given locative case modifies the verb, not a noun. Please see the ar ...

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Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Noun forms

The first ships of the Finnish Navy were old ships left behind by the Russians during the Finnish Civil War. These included gunboats, motor torpedo boats and minesweepers. In 1927 the Eduskunta approved a plan to build two armoured coastal vessels (Panssarilaiva in Finnish) and four submarines. Four motor torpedo boats were also ordered from Britain. More ships were purchased during the 1930s, and in the autumn of 1939 the Finnish Navy consisted of: 2 armoured coastal vessels (Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen) 5 subm ...

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Finnish Navy, Finnish Navy - Organization, Finnish Navy - Locations, Finnish Navy - Bases, Finnish Navy - History, Finnish Navy - Winter War, Finnish Navy - Continuation War, Finnish Navy - Lapland war, Finnish Navy - Equipment, Finnish Navy - Vessels, Finnish Navy - Future vessels, Finnish Navy - Coastal artillery, Finnish Navy - Future coastal defences, Finnish Navy - Past equipment, Finnish Navy - External link

Read more here: » Finnish Navy: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Navy - History

Finnish is a member of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family (which also includes Hungarian). Finnish is a synthetic language of the agglutinative type. Some fusion is found in spoken Finnish. It modifies noun and verb forms depending on their role in the sentence. Among the grammatical features that demonstrate Finnish's affiliation with the Finno-Ugric Languages are: 1) absence of grammatical gender (the same Finnish pronoun hän denotes both he and she), 2) absence of articles ("a" and "the" in English), 3) long word ...

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Finnish language, Finnish language - History, Finnish language - Agricola's work, Finnish language - Classification, Finnish language - Geographic distribution, Finnish language - Official status, Finnish language - Dialects, Finnish language - Western dialects, Finnish language - Eastern dialects, Finnish language - Formal and informal Finnish, Finnish language - Examples, Finnish language - Phonology, Finnish language - Grammar, Finnish language - Lexicon, Finnish language - Borrowing, Finnish language - Neologisms, Finnish language - Finnish loans to other languages, Finnish language - Orthography, Finnish language - Basic greetings, Finnish language - Important words, Finnish language - Bibliography, Finnish language - English books, Finnish language - Finnish books

Read more here: » Finnish language: Encyclopedia II - Finnish language - Classification

Postpositions are more common in Finnish than prepositions. Both postpositions and prepositions can be combined with either a noun or a possessive suffix to form a P-positional phrase. Finnish grammar - Postpositions. Postpositions indicate place, time, cause, consequence or relation. In postpositional phrases the noun is usually in genitive: The noun (or pronoun) can be omitted when there is a possessive suffix: [EDIT: As with verbs, the pronoun can not be omitted in third person (singular o ...

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Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions

Finnish, like other Finno-Ugric languages as well as Turkish, has a pattern called vowel harmony that restricts the distribution of vowels in a word. Due to vowel harmony, only certain vowels can appear in a given word, according to the vowel in the root of the word. The vowels i and e are considered neutral (they can appear anywhere), but the front vowels y, ö and ä never mix with the back vowels u, o, and a in a single word (except across compound limits). For example, tyttö "girl" is permissible it only has front vowels, but *tytto is impossible ...

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Finnish phonology, Finnish phonology - Vowels, Finnish phonology - Vowel phonemes, Finnish phonology - Consonants, Finnish phonology - Plosives, Finnish phonology - Fricatives, Finnish phonology - Nasals, Finnish phonology - Trills, Finnish phonology - Approximants, Finnish phonology - Consonant clusters, Finnish phonology - Consonant gradation, Finnish phonology - Other consonant alterations, Finnish phonology - Orthography, Finnish phonology - Velar nasal, Finnish phonology - Voiced plosives, Finnish phonology - Length, Finnish phonology - Stress, Finnish phonology - Sandhi

Read more here: » Finnish phonology: Encyclopedia II - Finnish phonology - Vowels

For current affairs see: Eastern Finland, Southern Finland Parts of the historical province of Karelia are divided between the Provinces, of Eastern Finland and Southern Finland. Within the provinces there are also the Regions of North Karelia and South Karelia. These border to the Russian subdivisions of Leningrad Oblast, which occupies the Karelian Isthmus, and the Autonomous Repub ...

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Finnish Karelia, Finnish Karelia - Provinces, Finnish Karelia - History, Finnish Karelia - Geography, Finnish Karelia - Culture, Finnish Karelia - Famous Karelians, Finnish Karelia - Heraldry

Read more here: » Finnish Karelia: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Karelia - Provinces

Finnish sandhi is extremely frequent, appearing between many words and morphemes, in formal standard language and in everyday spoken language. In most registers, it is never written down; only dialectal transcriptions preserve it, the rest settling for a morphemic notation. There are two processes. The first is simple assimilation with respect to place of articulation (e.g. np → mp). The second is predictive gemination o ...

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Finnish phonology, Finnish phonology - Vowels, Finnish phonology - Vowel phonemes, Finnish phonology - Consonants, Finnish phonology - Plosives, Finnish phonology - Fricatives, Finnish phonology - Nasals, Finnish phonology - Trills, Finnish phonology - Approximants, Finnish phonology - Consonant clusters, Finnish phonology - Consonant gradation, Finnish phonology - Other consonant alterations, Finnish phonology - Orthography, Finnish phonology - Velar nasal, Finnish phonology - Voiced plosives, Finnish phonology - Length, Finnish phonology - Stress, Finnish phonology - Sandhi

Read more here: » Finnish phonology: Encyclopedia II - Finnish phonology - Sandhi

Main article: History of Karelia During the 13th century Karelia was fought over between Novgorod and Sweden. In some Swedish sources the Karelians are described as allies to the Novgorodians. The "Third Swedish crusade", led by the marshal Torkel Knutsson, which took place 1293–1295, resulted in the western parts of Karelia coming under Swedish rule, and in the building of the Castle of Vyborg. The hostilities continued in 1300 when a Swedish force attacked the mouth of river Neva and built a fort near the current loc ...

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Finnish Karelia, Finnish Karelia - Provinces, Finnish Karelia - History, Finnish Karelia - Geography, Finnish Karelia - Culture, Finnish Karelia - Famous Karelians, Finnish Karelia - Heraldry

Read more here: » Finnish Karelia: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Karelia - History