Finland-Swedish

From the 16th century Swedish, rather than Finnish, was the main language of jurisdiction, administration and higher education in Finland. In 1892 Finnish and Swedish became official languages with equal status, and by the time of Finland's independence in 1917 Finnish clearly dominated in government and society. Finland has since then been a bilingual country with a Swedish-speaking minority (5.08% of Mainland Finland's population in 2003), speaking Finland-Swedish, living mostly in the coastal areas of southern, south-western ...

See also:

Finland-Swedish, Finland-Swedish - History, Finland-Swedish - Sounds

Read more here: » Finland-Swedish: Encyclopedia II - Finland-Swedish - History

From the 16th century Swedish, rather than Finnish, was the main language of jurisdiction, administration and higher education in Finland. In 1892 Finnish and Swedish became official languages with equal status, and by the time of Finland's independence in 1917 Finnish clearly dominated in government and society. Finland has since then been a bilingual country with a Swedish-speaking minority (5.08% of Mainland Finland's population in 2003), speaking Finland-Swedish and living mostly in the coastal areas of southern, south-west ...

See also:

Finland-Swedish, Finland-Swedish - History, Finland-Swedish - Sounds

Read more here: » Finland-Swedish: Encyclopedia II - Finland-Swedish - History

Svinhufvud's career in law followed a regular course: he worked as a lawyer, served at district courts, and served as a deputy judge at worked at the Turku Court of Appeal. In 1892 he was appointed as a member of the Senate's law-drafting committee at the relatively young age of 31. For six years he worked in the committee, initially redrafting taxation laws. As head of his family, Svinhufvud participated ...

See also:

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Family background and early life, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - A Lawyer and a politician, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Independence and the Civil War, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Prime Minister and President

Read more here: » Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - A Lawyer and a politician

The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is [tʃ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is [tS]. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are č and more rarely tš. Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive ...

Including:

• Voiceless postalveolar affricate - Features
• Voiceless postalveolar affricate - In English
• Voiceless postalveolar affricate - In Portuguese
• Voiceless postalveolar affricate - In other languages

Read more here: » Voiceless postalveolar affricate: Encyclopedia - Voiceless postalveolar affricate

The close central rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʉ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }. The IPA symbol is the letter u with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "barred-u". There is also a close central compressed vowel which c ...

Including:

• Close central rounded vowel - Features
• Close central rounded vowel - Occurs in

Read more here: » Close central rounded vowel: Encyclopedia - Close central rounded vowel

Svinhufvud was born in Sääksmäki, the son of Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud, a sea captain, and Olga von Becker. His father drowned at sea off Greece in 1863, when Pehr Evind was only two years old. He spent his early childhood at the home of his paternal grandfather, Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud (a provincal treasurer of Häme), at Rapola, where the family had lived for five generations. The Svinhufvud's were a Swedophone family tracing their history back to Dalarna, Sweden. Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, an army lieutenant in the reign of Karl X ...

See also:

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Family background and early life, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - A Lawyer and a politician, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Independence and the Civil War, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Prime Minister and President

Read more here: » Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Family background and early life

The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia. These White Guards constituted the bulk of the victorious White Army during the Civil War in Finland (1918), and also the main forces of the Lapua Movem ...

Including:

• White Guard Finland - Historical context
• White Guard Finland - The White Guards in the Civil War
• White Guard Finland - The White Guards after the Civil War

Read more here: » White Guard Finland: Encyclopedia - White Guard Finland

Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was the reputed Commander-in-Chief of Finland's Defence Forces, Marshal of Finland, an astute politician and a successful military commander. He was President of Finland (1944–1946). Mannerheim was born in Louhisaari Manor in Askainen to a Finland-Swedish family of partially Dutch ancestry that had been ennobled in 1768. He was related to Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and was the third child in a noble family in which the younger sons inherited the title of Baro ...

Including:

• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia
• Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

The term multilingualism can refer to rather different phenomena. Sociolinguists distinguish: multilingualism at the personal level multilingualism at the societal level multilingualism at the interaction level Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level. A multilingual person is, in the broadest definition of multilingualism, anyone with communicative skills in more than one language, be it active or passive. More specifically, the terms bilingual ...

Including:

• Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level
• Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the societal level
• Multilingualism - Multilingual at the interactional level
• Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the linguistic level
• Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs
• Multilingualism - Sequential model
• Multilingualism - Bilingual model
• Multilingualism - Coordinate model
• Multilingualism - Outcomes
• Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings
• Multilingualism - Sources

Read more here: » Multilingualism: Encyclopedia - Multilingualism

Björn Olof Lennartson Kurtén (1924 – 1988) was a distinguished vertebrate paleontologist. He belonged to the Finland-Swedish minority in Finland. He was also the author of an acclaimed series of books about modern man's encounter with Neanderthals, such as Dance of the Tiger (1978, 1980). When asked what genre these works belonged in, Kurten coined the term paleofiction to describe his oeuvre. (This genre was popularized by Jean Auel in her Earth's Children series of books.) In the 1980s, Kurtén also hosted a 6-part TV series about the Ice ...

Read more here: » Björn Kurtén: Encyclopedia - Björn Kurtén

Vaasa, or Vasa in Swedish, (Wasa in Latin), is a city on the west coast of Finland. It received its charter in 1606, during the reign of Charles IX of Sweden. It is named after the Royal House of Vasa. Today, Vaasa has a population of 57,014 (2003), and is part of the administrative province of Western Finland and the region of Ostrobothnia. The City is bilingual with Finnish and Swedish. 71,5% of the population has Finnish as their first language and 24,9% has Swedish. The City is a strong foothold for the Finlan ...

Including:

• Vaasa - History
• Vaasa - Foundation
• Vaasa - Town fire
• Vaasa - The new town
• Vaasa - Site of Government
• Vaasa - Literature

Read more here: » Vaasa: Encyclopedia - Vaasa

Midsummer, or Litha as it was known by the ancient Germanic peoples and to this day by many Neopagans, refers the period of time centered upon the summer solstice and the religious celebrations that accompany it. Also called "Midsommar" in Swedish, Midsummer-related holidays, traditions and celebrations, many of which are non-Christian in origin (apart from the designation "St John's Day"), are particularly important in Finland and Sweden, but found also in other parts of Northern Europe, Britain and elsewhere. Including:

• Midsummer - History
• Midsummer - National traditions
• Midsummer - Denmark
• Midsummer - Finland
• Midsummer - Germany
• Midsummer - Ireland
• Midsummer - Italy
• Midsummer - Jersey
• Midsummer - Latvia
• Midsummer - Lithuania
• Midsummer - Norway
• Midsummer - Russia
• Midsummer - Sweden
• Midsummer - United Kingdom
• Midsummer - USA
• Midsummer - Neopaganism
• Midsummer - Litha
• Midsummer - External link

Read more here: » Midsummer: Encyclopedia - Midsummer

The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative or laminal postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɕ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is s\. Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative - Features. Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it i ...

Including:

• Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative - Features
• Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative - Occurs in
• Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative - English

Read more here: » Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Encyclopedia - Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

Svinhufvud lead the Senate that declared Finland's independence on December 6, 1917. He also personally went to Saint Petersburg to meet Lenin, who somewhat hesitatingly gave his official recognition of Finnish independence. Svinhufvud's Senate also authorized General Mannerheim to form a new Finnish army on the basis on White Guard, the (chiefly Rightist) volunteer militia called the Suojeluskunta, thereby igniting the Civil War in Finland. During the Civil War, Svinhufvud went underground in Helsinki and sent pleas for interv ...

See also:

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Family background and early life, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - A Lawyer and a politician, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Independence and the Civil War, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Prime Minister and President

Read more here: » Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Independence and the Civil War

The Pampas (from Quechua, meaning "plain") are the fertile South American lowlands that include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, and Córdoba, most of Uruguay, and the southernmost end of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, covering more than 750,000 km² (290,000 square miles). These vast plains are only interrupted by the low Ventania mountain range near Bahía Blanca (Argentina), with 1,300 m height. The climate is mil ...

Including:

• Pampa - Other places called pampa

Read more here: » Pampa: Encyclopedia - Pampa

In 1925 he was the Presidential candidate for the conservative Kokoomus party, but was not elected. After the emergence of the anti-communist Lapua Movement, President Relander appointed him as Prime Minister of Finland on the Lapua Movement's insistence. Svinhufvud was elected President in 1931, and appointed Mannerheim as Chairman of the Defence Council, not least of all as an answer to the Lapua movement's fear of having fought the Civil War in vain. He resisted both Communist agitation and the Lapua Movement's exploits. All ...

See also:

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Family background and early life, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - A Lawyer and a politician, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Independence and the Civil War, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Prime Minister and President

Read more here: » Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Prime Minister and President

Eugen Schauman was born to Finland-Swedish parents Waldemar and Elin Maria Schauman in Kharkiv, Ukraine. His brother Rafael was born in 1873 and his sister Sigrid in 1877. Schauman's patriotism is rumored to be waken in his childhood when his mother used to read him the The Tales of Ensign Stål by Johan Ludvig Runeberg. The tales were combined with his yearning for home since the family ...

See also:

Eugen Schauman, Eugen Schauman - Schauman's life, Eugen Schauman - Assassination, Eugen Schauman - Aftermath, Eugen Schauman - Schauman's legacy

Read more here: » Eugen Schauman: Encyclopedia II - Eugen Schauman - Schauman's life

The three-body problem is much more complicated; its solution can be chaotic. In general, the three-body problem cannot be solved analytically (i.e. in terms of a closed-form solution of known constants and elementary functions), although approximate solutions can be calculated by numerical methods or perturbation methods. The restricted three-body problem assumes that the mass of one of the bodies is negligible; the circular restricted three-body problem is the special case in which two of the bodies are in circular orbits (ap ...

See also:

N-body problem, N-body problem - Mathematical formulation, N-body problem - Two-body problem, N-body problem - Three-body problem

Read more here: » N-body problem: Encyclopedia II - N-body problem - Three-body problem

There are two main branches, West Scandinavian and East Scandinavian. The eastern branch is heavily influenced by especially Middle Low German and consists of Danish and Swedish along with their various dialects and varieties. The western branch includes Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic. There is another way of classifying the languages that focuses more on mutual intelligibility than historical development that classifies Norwegian with Danish and Swedish as Continental ScandinavianSee also:

North Germanic languages, North Germanic languages - Classification, North Germanic languages - Family tree

Read more here: » North Germanic languages: Encyclopedia II - North Germanic languages - Classification

An important process in the creation of a separate Finnish national identity was the perception of Finland's history as separate and different from Sweden's. As in other processes of conceptual changes, this led to rather contentious disputes between the protagonists of the new views and the defenders of traditional truth. Discordant history views between Fennomans and Svecomans are today reflected by differences between Finnish and Swedish understandings of the shared history, but also between academic historians and popular perceptions, the latt ...

See also:

Finland's language strife, Finland's language strife - Contentious history views

Read more here: » Finland's language strife: Encyclopedia II - Finland's language strife - Contentious history views