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Fermilab | A Wisdom Archive on Fermilab | | Fermilab A selection of articles related to Fermilab | |
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fermilab
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Fermilab | | | |  Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Particle physics - Theoretical particle physicsTheoretical particle physics attempts to develop the models, theoretical framework, and mathematical tools to understand current experiments and make predictions for future experiments. See also theoretical physics. There are several major efforts in theoretical particle physics today and each includes a range of different activities. The efforts in each area are interrelated.
One of the major activities in theoretical particle physics is the attempt to better understand the standard model and its tests. By extracting the param ...
See also:Particle physics, Particle physics - Subatomic particles, Particle physics - History of particle physics, Particle physics - The Standard Model of particle physics, Particle physics - Experimental particle physics, Particle physics - Theoretical particle physics, Particle physics - Particle physics and reductionism, Particle physics - Public policy and particle physics, Particle physics - The future of particle physics Read more here: » Particle physics: Encyclopedia II - Particle physics - Theoretical particle physics |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Dyson sphere - Dyson spheres in fiction Main article: Dyson spheres in fiction
As noted above, the Dyson sphere orginated in fiction (see Star Maker, by Olaf Stapledon), and it is a concept that has appeared often in science fiction since then (see Dyson spheres in fiction for listed examples). In fictional accounts, the Dyson sphere concept is most often interpreted as an artificial hollow sphere of matter around a star (see diagram). This perception is a misinterpretation of Dyson's original concept. In response to letters prompted by his origi ...
See also:Dyson sphere, Dyson sphere - History, Dyson sphere - Dyson spheres and SETI, Dyson sphere - Dyson spheres in fiction, Dyson sphere - Variants, Dyson sphere - Dyson swarm, Dyson sphere - Dyson shell, Dyson sphere - Dyson bubble, Dyson sphere - Other types Read more here: » Dyson sphere: Encyclopedia II - Dyson sphere - Dyson spheres in fiction |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - History In 1928 Paul Dirac developed a relativistic equation for the electron, now known as the Dirac equation. Curiously, the equation was found to have negative energy solutions in addition to the normal positive ones. This presented a problem, as electrons tend toward the lowest possible energy level; energies of negative infinity are nonsensical. As a way of getting around this, Dirac proposed that the vacuum can be considered a "sea" of negative energy, the Dirac sea. Any electrons would th ...
See also:Antimatter, Antimatter - History, Antimatter - Antimatter production, Antimatter - Notation, Antimatter - Antimatter as fuel, Antimatter - The Antiuniverse, Antimatter - Antimatter in popular culture Read more here: » Antimatter: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - History |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - ATLAS experiment - Physics program ATLAS is intended to investigate many different types of physics that might become detectable in the energetic collisions of the LHC. Some of these are confirmations or improved measurements of the Standard Model, while many others are searches for new physical theories.
One of the most important goals of ATLAS is to investigate the final missing piece of the Standard Model, the Higgs boson. The Higgs mechanism, which includes the Higgs boson, is invoked to give masses to elementary particles, giving rise to the differences between th ...
See also:ATLAS experiment, ATLAS experiment - Background, ATLAS experiment - Physics program, ATLAS experiment - Components, ATLAS experiment - Inner Detector, ATLAS experiment - Calorimeters, ATLAS experiment - Muon spectrometer, ATLAS experiment - Magnet system, ATLAS experiment - Data systems and analysis Read more here: » ATLAS experiment: Encyclopedia II - ATLAS experiment - Physics program |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - ATLAS experiment - Background The first cyclotron, an early type of particle accelerator, was built by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1931, with a radius of just a few centimetres and a particle energy of 1 MeV. Since then, accelerators have grown enormously in the quest to produce new particles of greater and greater mass. As accelerators have grown, so too has the list of known particles that they might be used to investigate. The most comprehensive model of particle interactions available today is known as the Standard Model; except for the Higgs boson, all of the particles in ...
See also:ATLAS experiment, ATLAS experiment - Background, ATLAS experiment - Physics program, ATLAS experiment - Components, ATLAS experiment - Inner Detector, ATLAS experiment - Calorimeters, ATLAS experiment - Muon spectrometer, ATLAS experiment - Magnet system, ATLAS experiment - Data systems and analysis Read more here: » ATLAS experiment: Encyclopedia II - ATLAS experiment - Background |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - Antimatter production Scientists in 1995 succeeded in producing antiatoms of hydrogen, and also antideuterium nuclei, made out of an antiproton and an antineutron, but no antiatom more complex than antideuterium has been created yet. In principle, antiatoms of any element could be built from readily available sources of antiparticles. Such antiatoms would have exactly the same properties as their normal-matter counterparts. The production of antielements in bulk quantitie ...
See also:Antimatter, Antimatter - History, Antimatter - Antimatter production, Antimatter - Notation, Antimatter - Antimatter as fuel, Antimatter - The Antiuniverse, Antimatter - Antimatter in popular culture Read more here: » Antimatter: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - Antimatter production |
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| | | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Dyson sphere - History The concept of the Dyson sphere was the result of a thought experiment by Freeman Dyson where he noted that every human technological civilization has constantly increased its demand for energy. He reasoned that if human civilization were to survive long enough, there would come a time when it required the total energy output of the sun. Thus, he proposed a system of orbiting structures designed to intercept and collect all energy produced by the sun. Dyson's proposal did not detail how such a system would be constructed, but focu ...
See also:Dyson sphere, Dyson sphere - History, Dyson sphere - Dyson spheres and SETI, Dyson sphere - Dyson spheres in fiction, Dyson sphere - Variants, Dyson sphere - Dyson swarm, Dyson sphere - Dyson shell, Dyson sphere - Dyson bubble, Dyson sphere - Other types Read more here: » Dyson sphere: Encyclopedia II - Dyson sphere - History |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - The Antiuniverse Dirac himself was the first to consider the existence of antimatter in an astronomical scale. But it was only after the confirmation of his theory, with the discovery of the positron, antiproton and antineutron that real speculation began on the possible existence of an antiuniverse. In the following years, motivated by basic symmetry principles, it was believed that the universe must consist of both matter and antimatter in equal amounts. If, however there were an isolated system of antimatter in the universe, free from interaction with ord ...
See also:Antimatter, Antimatter - History, Antimatter - Antimatter production, Antimatter - Notation, Antimatter - Antimatter as fuel, Antimatter - The Antiuniverse, Antimatter - Antimatter in popular culture Read more here: » Antimatter: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - The Antiuniverse |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Particle physics - The future of particle physics Particle physicists internationally agree on the most important goals of particle physics research in the near and intermediate future. The overarching goal, which is pursued in several distinct ways, is to find and understand what physics may lie beyond the standard model. There are several powerful experimental reasons to expect new physics, including dark matter and neutrino mass. There are also theoretical hints that this new physics should be found at accessible energy scales. Most importantly, though, there may be unexpected and unpredicted surpr ...
See also:Particle physics, Particle physics - Subatomic particles, Particle physics - History of particle physics, Particle physics - The Standard Model of particle physics, Particle physics - Experimental particle physics, Particle physics - Theoretical particle physics, Particle physics - Particle physics and reductionism, Particle physics - Public policy and particle physics, Particle physics - The future of particle physics Read more here: » Particle physics: Encyclopedia II - Particle physics - The future of particle physics |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - List of Columbia University people - Nobel Laureates: Alumni or Alumni/Faculty
List of Columbia University people - Chemistry.
List of Columbia University people - Economic science.
List of Columbia University people - Literature.
List of Columbia University people - Peace.
List of Columbia University people - Physics.
List of Columbia University people - Physiology or Medicine.
...
See also:List of Columbia University people, List of Columbia University people - Nobel Laureates: Alumni or Alumni/Faculty, List of Columbia University people - Chemistry, List of Columbia University people - Economic science, List of Columbia University people - Literature, List of Columbia University people - Peace, List of Columbia University people - Physics, List of Columbia University people - Physiology or Medicine, List of Columbia University people - Nobel Laureates: Faculty Research Fellows Others, List of Columbia University people - Chemistry, List of Columbia University people - Economic science, List of Columbia University people - Literature, List of Columbia University people - Peace, List of Columbia University people - Physics, List of Columbia University people - Physiology or Medicine, List of Columbia University people - Notable Alumni, List of Columbia University people - Politics military and law, List of Columbia University people - Business, List of Columbia University people - Arts and literature, List of Columbia University people - Performing arts, List of Columbia University people - Journalism, List of Columbia University people - Science and technology, List of Columbia University people - Astronauts, List of Columbia University people - Academics and history, List of Columbia University people - Sports, List of Columbia University people - Notable faculty Read more here: » List of Columbia University people: Encyclopedia II - List of Columbia University people - Nobel Laureates: Alumni or Alumni/Faculty |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Ranking and reputation Ranked among the top 15 international universities by The Times Higher Education Supplement rankings [citation needed], top 10 international universities by the Shanghai/Economist Rankings rankings [citation needed], and top 15 nationally by US News rankings [citation needed]. Professional Schools such as University of Chicago Law School, the Graduate School of Business, the School of Social Service Administration, and the University of Chicago Divinity School rank in the top 10 nat ...
See also:University of Chicago, University of Chicago - Location and campus, University of Chicago - History, University of Chicago - Divisions and schools, University of Chicago - Ranking and reputation, University of Chicago - Sports and traditions, University of Chicago - Students alumni and faculty Read more here: » University of Chicago: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Ranking and reputation |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Divisions and schools
The University currently maintains twelve units, grouped into divisions for graduate research, professional schools, the undergraduate College, the Library, the Press, the Lab Schools, and the Hospitals.
The Divisions: Biological Sciences, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Humanities.
The Professional Schools: the Divinity School, the University of Chicago Law School, the Graduate School of Business, the Pritzker School of Medicine, the Harris School of Public ...
See also:University of Chicago, University of Chicago - Location and campus, University of Chicago - History, University of Chicago - Divisions and schools, University of Chicago - Ranking and reputation, University of Chicago - Sports and traditions, University of Chicago - Students alumni and faculty Read more here: » University of Chicago: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Divisions and schools |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Particle accelerator - Higher energies At present the highest energy accelerators are all circular colliders, but it is likely that limits have been reached in respect of compensating for synchrotron radiation losses, and the next generation will probably be linear accelerators 10 times the current length. An example of such a next generation accelerator is the 40 km long International Linear Collider, due to be constructed between 2015-2020.
As of 2005, it is believed that plasma wakefield acceleration in the form of electron-beam 'afterburners' and standalone laser pulse ...
See also:Particle accelerator, Particle accelerator - Linear particle accelerators, Particle accelerator - Circular accelerators, Particle accelerator - Synchrotron light, Particle accelerator - Synchrotron radiation, Particle accelerator - History of Cyclotrons and Defining, Particle accelerator - Tandem Accelerators, Particle accelerator - Targets and Detectors, Particle accelerator - Higher energies, Particle accelerator - Astrophysics Read more here: » Particle accelerator: Encyclopedia II - Particle accelerator - Higher energies |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Sports and traditions The school's sports teams are called the Maroons and their athletic colors are maroon and white. [2] They participate in the NCAA's Division III and in the University Athletic Association. At one time the University of Chicago's football teams, the original Monsters of the Midway, were among the best in the country, winning seven Big Ten titles from 1895 to 1939, including a national championship in 1905 while playing at Stagg Field. The University is also the only school ever to be undefeated in football against Notre Dame. In 1935, ...
See also:University of Chicago, University of Chicago - Location and campus, University of Chicago - History, University of Chicago - Divisions and schools, University of Chicago - Ranking and reputation, University of Chicago - Sports and traditions, University of Chicago - Students alumni and faculty Read more here: » University of Chicago: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Sports and traditions |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Students alumni and faculty Main article: list of University of Chicago alumni
Academia is the most popular career choice for its graduates, with one in seven taking an academic appointment (a rate matched by no other University).
Among its most widely known current faculty are Gary Becker (economics and sociology), David Bevington (English literature and drama), Ronald Coase (economics), James Cronin (physics), Vladimir Drinfeld (mathematics), Robert Fogel (economics and history), James Heckman (economics), Leon Kass (bioethics and biology), Willi ...
See also:University of Chicago, University of Chicago - Location and campus, University of Chicago - History, University of Chicago - Divisions and schools, University of Chicago - Ranking and reputation, University of Chicago - Sports and traditions, University of Chicago - Students alumni and faculty Read more here: » University of Chicago: Encyclopedia II - University of Chicago - Students alumni and faculty |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Quark - Colour Since quarks are fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle implies that the three valence quarks must be in an antisymmetric combination in a baryon. However, the charge Q = 2 baryon, Δ++ (which is one of four isospin Iz = 3/2 baryons) can only be made of three u quarks with parallel spins. Since this configuration is symmetric under interchange of the quarks, it implies that there exists another internal quantum number, which would then make the combination antisymmetri ...
See also:Quark, Quark - Free quarks, Quark - Confinement and quark properties, Quark - Flavour, Quark - Spin, Quark - Colour, Quark - Quark masses, Quark - Current quark mass, Quark - Valence quark mass, Quark - Heavy quark masses, Quark - Properties of Quarks, Quark - Antiquarks, Quark - Substructure, Quark - History Read more here: » Quark: Encyclopedia II - Quark - Colour |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Quark - Confinement and quark properties Every subatomic particle is completely described by a small set of quantum numbers such as its spin J, parity P, and mass m. Usually these properties are directly determined by experiments. However, confinement makes it impossible to measure these properties of quarks. Instead, they must be inferred from measurable properties of the composite particles which are made up of quarks. Such inferences are most easily ...
See also:Quark, Quark - Free quarks, Quark - Confinement and quark properties, Quark - Flavour, Quark - Spin, Quark - Colour, Quark - Quark masses, Quark - Current quark mass, Quark - Valence quark mass, Quark - Heavy quark masses, Quark - Properties of Quarks, Quark - Antiquarks, Quark - Substructure, Quark - History Read more here: » Quark: Encyclopedia II - Quark - Confinement and quark properties |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Particle accelerator - Targets and Detectors The output of a particle accelerator can generally be directed towards multiple lines of experiments, one at a given time, by means of a deviating electromagnet. This makes it possible to operate multiple experiments without needing to move things around or shutting down the entire accelerator beam.
Except for synchrotron radiation sources, the purpose of an accelerator is to generate high energy particles for interaction with matter.
This is usually a fixed target, such as the phosphor coating on the back of the screen in the ...
See also:Particle accelerator, Particle accelerator - Linear particle accelerators, Particle accelerator - Circular accelerators, Particle accelerator - Synchrotron light, Particle accelerator - Synchrotron radiation, Particle accelerator - History of Cyclotrons and Defining, Particle accelerator - Tandem Accelerators, Particle accelerator - Targets and Detectors, Particle accelerator - Higher energies, Particle accelerator - Astrophysics Read more here: » Particle accelerator: Encyclopedia II - Particle accelerator - Targets and Detectors |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Neutrino - Motivation for scientific interest in the neutrino The neutrino is of scientific interest because it can make an exceptional probe for environments that are typically concealed from the standpoint of other observation techniques, such as optical and radio observation.
The first such use of neutrinos was proposed in the early 20th century for observation of the core of the Sun. Direct optical observation of the solar core is impossible due to the diffusion of electromagnetic radiation by the huge amount of matter surrounding the core. On the other hand, neutrinos generated in stellar f ...
See also:Neutrino, Neutrino - Types of neutrinos, Neutrino - Flavor Oscillations, Neutrino - History, Neutrino - Mass, Neutrino - Neutrino sources, Neutrino - Human generated, Neutrino - The Earth, Neutrino - Atmospheric neutrinos, Neutrino - Solar neutrinos, Neutrino - Cosmological phenomena, Neutrino - Cosmic background radiation, Neutrino - Neutrino detection, Neutrino - Motivation for scientific interest in the neutrino Read more here: » Neutrino: Encyclopedia II - Neutrino - Motivation for scientific interest in the neutrino |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - Memetics - Terminology
Memetics - Memeoid.
Memeoid is a neologism for people who have been taken over by a meme to the extent that that their own survival becomes inconsequential. Examples include kamikazes, suicide bombers and cult members who commit mass suicide.
The term was apparently coined by H. Keith Henson in "Memes, L5 and the Religion of the Space Colonies," L5 News, 1985 pp 5-8, [4] and referenced in Richard Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene, 2nd ed., page 330. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
Memetics - Memotype.
Memotype is t ...
See also:Memetics, Memetics - History of the term, Memetics - Open questions, Memetics - Terminology, Memetics - Memeoid, Memetics - Memotype, Memetics - Meme-complex Read more here: » Memetics: Encyclopedia II - Memetics - Terminology |
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| | | | | Fermilab: Encyclopedia II - List of Cornell University people - Faculty
List of Cornell University people - Nobel laureates.
Hannes Alfven - Nobel laureate (Physics 1960).
Hans Bethe - Nobel laureate (Physics 1967 - for nuclear physics, notably nuclear fusion and stellar nucleosynthesis
Peter J.W. Debye - Nobel laureate (Chemistry 1936).
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes - Nobel laureate (Physics 1991).
Vincent du Vigneaud - Nobel laureate (Chemistry 1955).
Manfred Eigen - Nobel laureate (Chemistry 1967).
Richard Ernst - Nobel laureat ...
See also:List of Cornell University people, List of Cornell University people - Alumni, List of Cornell University people - Nobel laureates - Graduates, List of Cornell University people - Government / Law / Public Policy, List of Cornell University people - Business, List of Cornell University people - Medicine, List of Cornell University people - Social Sciences, List of Cornell University people - Science and Technology, List of Cornell University people - NASA Astronauts, List of Cornell University people - Literature, List of Cornell University people - Fine arts, List of Cornell University people - Entertainment / Music / Sports, List of Cornell University people - Architecture, List of Cornell University people - Crime, List of Cornell University people - Faculty, List of Cornell University people - Nobel laureates, List of Cornell University people - Other notable faculty, List of Cornell University people - Fictional Cornellians, List of Cornell University people - University Presidents, List of Cornell University people - Trustees Read more here: » List of Cornell University people: Encyclopedia II - List of Cornell University people - Faculty |
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