Ferghana

Badakhshan is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and of Tajikistan. Badakhshan Province is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of Afghanistan, containing the Wakhan Corridor. A part of Badakhshan is located in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan in the in south-east of the country. Badakhshan - People. Badakhshanis constitute a distinct ethno-linguistic and religious community. They are descendant of the Persians who populated the region ...

Including:

• Badakhshan - People
• Badakhshan - History
• Badakhshan - Geography

Read more here: » Badakhshan: Encyclopedia - Badakhshan

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC - 130s BC - 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC Years: 143 BC 142 BC 141 BC 140 BC 139 BC - 138 BC - 137 BC 136 BC 135 BC 134 BC 133 BC Events Zhang Qian begins his explorations in central Asia for Chinese emperor Han Wu Di. The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Ferghana valley, led by Chang Chien. Hymn to Apollo is written and inscribed on stone i ...

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The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising today's northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion into northern India established the Indo-Greek Kingdom, which was to last until around 10 CE. Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded by the Seleucid military governor of Bactria Diodotus around ...

Including:

• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid dynasty 230 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Conflict with the Seleucid empire and Parthia
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Greek culture in Bactria
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with India 250–180
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Expansion into India after 180 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation of Eucratides
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Defeat against Parthia
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic invasions
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Second Yueh-Chih expansion c. 120 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-Bactrian kings and territories
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Euthydemus
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Eucratides
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Notes

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Zhang Qian (Chinese:張騫; died 113 BCE) was a Chinese explorer and imperial envoy in the 2nd century BCE, during the time of the Han Dynasty. He was the first official diplomat to bring back reliable information about Central Asia to the Chinese imperial court, then under Emperor Wu of Han, and played an important pioneering role in the Chinese colonisation and conquest of the region now known as Xinjiang. Zhang Qian's accounts of his explorations of Central Asia are detailed in the Early Han historical chronicles ("Shiji", or "Reco ...

Including:

• Zhang Qian - First embassy to the West
• Zhang Qian - Zhang Qian's report
• Zhang Qian - Dayuan Ferghana
• Zhang Qian - Yuezhi Tocharians?
• Zhang Qian - Daxia Bactria
• Zhang Qian - Shendu India
• Zhang Qian - Anxi Parthia
• Zhang Qian - Tiaozhi
• Zhang Qian - Kangju Sogdiana
• Zhang Qian - Yancai
• Zhang Qian - Return to China
• Zhang Qian - Development of East-West contacts
• Zhang Qian - Zhang Qian of today

Read more here: » Zhang Qian: Encyclopedia - Zhang Qian

Ta-Hsia, or Daxia (Chinese: 大夏) is the name given in antiquity by the Chinese to the territory of Bactria. The name Ta-Hsia appears in Chinese from the 3rd century BCE to designate a mythical kingdom to the West, possibly a consequence of the first contacts with the expansion of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and then is used by the explorer Zhang Qian in 126 BCE to designate Bactria. The reports of Zhang Qian were put in writing in the Shiji ("Records of the Great Historian") by Sima Qian in the 1st century BCE. ...

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The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). The Parthian empire was the most enduring of the empires of the ancient Near East. After the Parni nomads had settled in Parthia and had built a small independent kingdom, they rose to power under king Mithradates the Great ...

Including:

• Parthian Empire - Origins
• Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire
• Parthian Empire - Government
• Parthian Empire - Contact with China
• Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome
• Parthian Empire - Expansion to India
• Parthian Empire - Decline and fall
• Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers
• Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

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Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, "Great Yuezhi") is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. They are believed to have been the same as or closely related to the people named Tocharians (τόχαροι) by ancient Greeks. They were originally settled in the Tarim Basin area, in what is today Gansu and Xinjiang, in China, before they migrated to Transoxiana, Bactria and then northern India, where they formed the Kushan Empire. Including:

• Yuezhi - Origins
• Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus
• Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana
• Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria
• Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush
• Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire
• Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs

Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia - Yuezhi

Yarkand (modern Chinese name 叶城, pinyin: Yèchéng, also Chokkuka, anciently Suoju 莎車, also written Shache and Suoche; 37°52′N 77°24′E alt. about 1,189 m. or 3,900 ft.; pop. about 72,000 in 1990), was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located between Pishan and Kashgar on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. ...

Including:

• Yarkand - Neighbours
• Yarkand - History

Read more here: » Yarkand: Encyclopedia - Yarkand

"Yona" (also sometimes "Yonaka") is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate ancient Greek people. Its equivalent in Sanskrit is the word "Yavana". "Yona" and "Yavana" are both transliterations of the Greek word for "Ionians" (Homer Iāones, older *Iāwones), who were probably the first Greeks to be known in the East. Yona - Old World usage. This usage was shared by many of the countries east of Greece, from the Mediterranean to India and China: Egyptians used ...

Including:

• Yona - Old World usage
• Yona - Indian references
• Yona - Role in Buddhism
• Yona - Invasion of India
• Yona - Scientific abilities
• Yona - Other references
• Yona - The Yonas and other northwestern invaders in Indian literature
• Yona - Later meanings
• Yona - Contemporary usage
• Yona - Notes
• Yona - External link

Read more here: » Yona: Encyclopedia - Yona

The report of Zhang Qian's travels is quoted extensively in the 1st century BCE Chinese historic chronicles "Records of the Great Historian" (Shiji) by Sima Qian. Zhang Qian visited directly the kingdom of Dayuan in Ferghana, the territories Yuezhi in Transoxonia, the Bactrian country of Daxia with it remnants of Greco-Bactrian rule, and Kangju (Sogdiana). He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit, such as Anxi (Parthia), Tiaozhi (Mesopotamia), Shendu (India) and the Wusun. < ...

See also:

Zhang Qian, Zhang Qian - First embassy to the West, Zhang Qian - Zhang Qian's report, Zhang Qian - Dayuan Ferghana, Zhang Qian - Yuezhi Tocharians?, Zhang Qian - Daxia Bactria, Zhang Qian - Shendu India, Zhang Qian - Anxi Parthia, Zhang Qian - Tiaozhi, Zhang Qian - Kangju Sogdiana, Zhang Qian - Yancai, Zhang Qian - Return to China, Zhang Qian - Development of East-West contacts, Zhang Qian - Zhang Qian of today

Read more here: » Zhang Qian: Encyclopedia II - Zhang Qian - Zhang Qian's report

Khan - Military ranks. The title khan was also used as a military officer rank in certain armies, especially following the decimal organisation (already known from Achaemenid Persia) of Genghis Khan's conquering 'hordes' (actually under the strictest discipline). In some Muslim-states in India, especially the Delhi sultanate (which absorbed all under the Mughal dynasty), a Khan was a high-ranking imperial general, commanding at least a lac (i.e. 100.000) horseman, being placed over 10 Maliks, each of which ...

See also:

Khan, Khan - Political Khans, Khan - Adil Khan, Khan - Military ranks, Khan - Honorary titles, Khan - Derived title, Khan - Lesser meanings, Khan - Modern family name, Khan - Fiction, Khan - Sources and References

Read more here: » Khan: Encyclopedia II - Khan - Adil Khan

In 711, the Umayyad caliph in Damascus sent an expedition to Baluchistan (an arid region on the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Asia, presently split between Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan) and Sindh (presently a province of Pakistan bordering on Baluchistan, Punjab, and Rajasthan, India). The expedition was led by a twenty-year-old Syrian Muslim chieftain named Muhammad bin Qasim (for whom Karachi's second port is named). The expedition went as far north as Multan, which at that time was known as the "city of gold," within which was the Sun M ...

See also:

Islamic conquest of South Asia, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Muhammad bin Qasim, Islamic conquest of South Asia - The Ghaznavid Period, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Muhammed Ghuri, Islamic conquest of South Asia - The Delhi Sultanate, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Alauddin Khilji, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Timur, Islamic conquest of South Asia - The Mughal Empire, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Babur, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Ahmad Shah Abdali, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Aurangzeb, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Iconoclasm, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Nalanda, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Vijayanagara, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Somnath, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Historical Views, Islamic conquest of South Asia - Cultural influence

Read more here: » Islamic conquest of South Asia: Encyclopedia II - Islamic conquest of South Asia - Muhammad bin Qasim

The population of the modern people who still call themselves Kamboj (or prikritic Kamboh, or Kamoz) or Kambhoj is estimated to be around 1.5 million and the rest of their population, over the time, submerged with other occupationalized castes/groups of the Indian subcontinent. The Kambojs, by tradition, are divided into 52 and 84 clans. 52 line is stated to be descendants of Cadet branch and 84 from the elder Branch. This is claimed as referring to the young and elder military divisions under which they had fought the Bharata war. Nu ...

See also:

Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes

Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh

The opening of the Tang dynasty, in 618, saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of the Tarim Basin. In 635 the Tang Annals report an embassy from the king of Kashgar. In 639 there was a second embassy bringing products of Kashgar as a token of submission. Xuan Zang passed through Kashgar (which he calls Ka-sha) in 644 on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India, was active in Kashgar. Xuan Zang records that they flat ...

See also:

Kashgar, Kashgar - Geography, Kashgar - History of the Site, Kashgar - Name, Kashgar - Early History, Kashgar - The Kushans, Kashgar - Three Kingdoms to the Sui, Kashgar - The Tang Dynasty, Kashgar - The Arab Invasions, Kashgar - The Uighurs, Kashgar - The Mongols, Kashgar - Chinese Garrison, Kashgar - The 1862 Revolt, Kashgar - Sights, Kashgar - Demographics, Kashgar - Economics & Society

Read more here: » Kashgar: Encyclopedia II - Kashgar - The Tang Dynasty

Main article: Mughal empire India in the 16th century presented a fragmented picture of rulers, both Muslim and Hindu, who lacked concern for their subjects and who failed to create a common body of laws or institutions. Outside developments also played a role in shaping events. The circumnavigation of Africa by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 allowed Europeans to challenge Arab control of the trading routes between Europe and Asia. In Central Asia and Afghanistan, shifts in power pushed Babur of Ferghana (in present-day Uzbekistan) southward, first to Kabul and then to India. The dynasty h ...

See also:

Mughal era, Mughal era - The Mughal empire, Mughal era - Babur of Ferghana, Mughal era - Akbar, Mughal era - Aurangzeb, Mughal era - Arrival of the Europeans, Mughal era - The Marathas, Mughal era - The Nizams of Hyderabad, Mughal era - The Sikhs, Mughal era - The Coming of the Europeans, Mughal era - Literature

Read more here: » Mughal era: Encyclopedia II - Mughal era - The Mughal empire

Silk Road - Cross-continental travel. As accomplished waterway shipping and domestication of efficient pack animals both increased the capacity for prehistoric peoples to carry heavier loads over greater distances, cultural exchanges and trade developed rapidly. For example, shipping in predynastic Egypt was already established by the 4th millennium BC along with domestication of the donkey, with the dromedary possibly having been domesticated as well. Domestication of the Bactrian camel and use of the horse for means of transport then follo ...

See also:

Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138-126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97-102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes

Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Origins

Skobelev was born near Moscow on 29 September 1843. After graduating as a staff officer at St Petersburg he was sent to Turkestan in 1868 and, with the exception of an interval of two years, during which he was on the staff of the grand duke Michael in the Caucasus, remained in Central Asia until 1877. He commanded the advanced guard of General Lomakin's column from Kinderly Bay, in the Caspian Sea, to join General Verevkin, from Orenburg, in the expedition to the Khanate of Khiva in 1874, and, after great suffering on the desert marc ...

See also:

Mikhail Skobelev, Mikhail Skobelev - Early life and Conquest of Khiva, Mikhail Skobelev - Later life and the Battle of Pleven, Mikhail Skobelev - Skobelev's Memory

Read more here: » Mikhail Skobelev: Encyclopedia II - Mikhail Skobelev - Early life and Conquest of Khiva

Semirechie Oblast (Semiryechensk Oblast), before 1917 a province of Russian Turkestan in Imperial Russia, including the steppes south of Lake Balkhash and parts of the Tian-shan Mountains around Lake Issyk-kul. It has an area of 147,300 sq. m., and is bounded by the province of Semipalatinsk on the N., by China (Dzungaria, Kulja, Aksu and Kashgar on the E. and S., and by the former Russian provinces of Ferghana, Syr-darya, and Akmolinsk on the W. The Dzungarian Ala-tau Mountains, which separate it from Kulja, extend south-west ...

See also:

Semiryechye, Semiryechye - Semirechie Oblast of Imperial Russia, Semiryechye - Reference

Read more here: » Semiryechye: Encyclopedia II - Semiryechye - Semirechie Oblast of Imperial Russia

Silk Road - Cross-continental travel. As accomplished waterway shipping and domestication of efficient pack animals both increased the capacity for prehistoric peoples to carry heavier loads over greater distances, cultural exchanges and trade developed rapidly. For example, shipping in predynastic Egypt was already established by the 4th millennium BC along with domestication of the donkey, with the dromedary possibly having been domesticated as well. Domestication of the Bactrian camel and use of the horse for means of transport then follo ...

See also:

Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes

Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Origins

Unlike most games of its kind, the world of Ys is actually a fictionalized version of Earth, with countries being given alternate names, listed as follows: Eresia: Europe. - This likely comes from the name for the European-Asian region that's often called 'Eurasia'. Europa: The name applied to the lands surrounding the game's equivalent of the Mediterranean Sea. This is referred to in Japanese as the Europe Region (Japanese: エウロペ). Ispani: Spain. - Hispania on maps fro ...

See also:

Ys video game, Ys video game - List of Ys games, Ys video game - Series Chronology, Ys video game - Characters, Ys video game - Geography, Ys video game - Release Notes, Ys video game - English Releases, Ys video game - Animation, Ys video game - Ys' Music and Impact

Read more here: » Ys video game: Encyclopedia II - Ys video game - Geography