FEAL

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a cipher (a method for encrypting information) selected as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1976, and which has subsequently enjoyed widespread use internationally. The algorithm was initially controversial, with classified design elements, a relatively short key length, and suspicions about a National Security Agency (NSA) backdoor. DES consequently came under intense academic scrutiny, and motivated the ...

Including:

• Data Encryption Standard - History of DES
• Data Encryption Standard - NSA's involvement in the design
• Data Encryption Standard - The algorithm as a standard
• Data Encryption Standard - Chronology
• Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms
• Data Encryption Standard - Description
• Data Encryption Standard - Overall structure
• Data Encryption Standard - The Feistel F function
• Data Encryption Standard - Key schedule
• Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis
• Data Encryption Standard - Brute force attack
• Data Encryption Standard - Attacks faster than brute-force
• Data Encryption Standard - Minor cryptanalytic properties

Read more here: » Data Encryption Standard: Encyclopedia - Data Encryption Standard

The basic operation is as follows: Split the plaintext block into two equal pieces, (L0, R0) For each round , compute Li = Ri − 1 where f is the round function and Ki is the sub-key. Then the ciphertext is (Ln, See also:

Feistel cipher, Feistel cipher - History, Feistel cipher - Theoretical Work, Feistel cipher - Construction Details, Feistel cipher - List of Feistel ciphers

Read more here: » Feistel cipher: Encyclopedia II - Feistel cipher - Construction Details

Topics in cryptography - Standards organizations. the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related, ongoing) the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) I ...

See also:

Topics in cryptography, Topics in cryptography - Classical ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Famous ciphertexts, Topics in cryptography - Attacks on classical ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Modern algorithms methods evaluation and selection projects, Topics in cryptography - Standards organizations, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographic organizations, Topics in cryptography - Open efforts, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographic hash functions message digest algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Public key / private key encryption algorithms aka asymmetric key algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Public key / private key signature algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Key authentication, Topics in cryptography - Anonymous identification scheme, Topics in cryptography - Secret key algorithms aka symmetric key algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Classified cryptography U.S., Topics in cryptography - Breaking ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Weak keys and password-based cryptography, Topics in cryptography - Key transport/exchange, Topics in cryptography - Pseudo- and true random number generators, Topics in cryptography - Anonymous communication, Topics in cryptography - Legal issues, Topics in cryptography - Terminology, Topics in cryptography - Books and publications, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographers, Topics in cryptography - Uses of cryptographic techniques, Topics in cryptography - Miscellaneous, Topics in cryptography - Free / open-source cryptosystems ie algorithms + protocols + system design

Read more here: » Topics in cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Topics in cryptography - Modern algorithms methods evaluation and selection projects

The discovery of differential cryptanalysis is generally attributed to Eli Biham and Adi Shamir in the late 1980s, who published a number of attacks against various block ciphers and hash functions, including a theoretical weakness in the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It was noted that DES is surprisingly resilient to differential cryptanalysis, in the sense that even small modifications make it much more susceptible; this suggested that the designers at IBM knew of this in the 1970s. Indeed, parties involved in the creation of Data Encryp ...

See also:

Differential cryptanalysis, Differential cryptanalysis - Origins of differential cryptanalysis, Differential cryptanalysis - A description of the attack, Differential cryptanalysis - Specialized types

Read more here: » Differential cryptanalysis: Encyclopedia II - Differential cryptanalysis - Origins of differential cryptanalysis

Although more information has been published on the cryptanalysis of DES than any other block cipher, the most practical attack to date is still a brute force approach. Various minor cryptanalytic properties are known, and three theoretical attacks are possible which, while having a theoretical complexity less than a brute force attack, require an unrealistic amount of known or chosen plaintext to carry out, and are not a concern in practice. ...

See also:

Data Encryption Standard, Data Encryption Standard - History of DES, Data Encryption Standard - NSA's involvement in the design, Data Encryption Standard - The algorithm as a standard, Data Encryption Standard - Chronology, Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms, Data Encryption Standard - Description, Data Encryption Standard - Overall structure, Data Encryption Standard - The Feistel F function, Data Encryption Standard - Key schedule, Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis, Data Encryption Standard - Brute force attack, Data Encryption Standard - Attacks faster than brute-force, Data Encryption Standard - Minor cryptanalytic properties

Read more here: » Data Encryption Standard: Encyclopedia II - Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis

Concerns about security and the relatively slow operation of DES in software motivated researchers to propose a variety of alternative block cipher designs, which started to appear in the late 1980s and early 1990s; for example RC5, Blowfish, IDEA, NewDES, SAFER, CAST5 and FEAL. Most of these designs kept the 64-bit block size of DES, and could act as a "drop-in" replacement, although they typically used a 64-bit or 128-bit key. DES itself can be adapted and reused in a more secure scheme. Many former DES users now use Triple DES (TDE ...

See also:

Data Encryption Standard, Data Encryption Standard - History of DES, Data Encryption Standard - NSA's involvement in the design, Data Encryption Standard - The algorithm as a standard, Data Encryption Standard - Chronology, Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms, Data Encryption Standard - Description, Data Encryption Standard - Overall structure, Data Encryption Standard - The Feistel F function, Data Encryption Standard - Key schedule, Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis, Data Encryption Standard - Brute force attack, Data Encryption Standard - Attacks faster than brute-force, Data Encryption Standard - Minor cryptanalytic properties

Read more here: » Data Encryption Standard: Encyclopedia II - Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms

Feistel or modified Feistel: Blowfish, Camellia, CAST-128, DES, FEAL, KASUMI, LOKI97, Lucifer, MAGENTA, MISTY1, RC5, TEA, Triple DES, Twofish, XTEA Generalised Feistel: CAST-256, MacGuffin, RC2, RC6, Skipjack References. [1] M. Luby and C. Rackoff. "How to Construct Pseudorandom Permutations and Pseudorandom Functions." In SIAM J. Comput.," vol. 17, 1988, pp. 373-386. ...

See also:

Feistel cipher, Feistel cipher - History, Feistel cipher - Theoretical Work, Feistel cipher - Construction Details, Feistel cipher - List of Feistel ciphers

Read more here: » Feistel cipher: Encyclopedia II - Feistel cipher - List of Feistel ciphers

DES is the archetypal block cipher — an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into another ciphertext bitstring of the same length. In the case of DES, the block size is 64 bits. DES also uses a key to customise the transformation, so that decryption can only be performed by those who know the particular key us ...

See also:

Data Encryption Standard, Data Encryption Standard - History of DES, Data Encryption Standard - NSA's involvement in the design, Data Encryption Standard - The algorithm as a standard, Data Encryption Standard - Chronology, Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms, Data Encryption Standard - Description, Data Encryption Standard - Overall structure, Data Encryption Standard - The Feistel F function, Data Encryption Standard - Key schedule, Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis, Data Encryption Standard - Brute force attack, Data Encryption Standard - Attacks faster than brute-force, Data Encryption Standard - Minor cryptanalytic properties

Read more here: » Data Encryption Standard: Encyclopedia II - Data Encryption Standard - Description

The origins of DES go back to the early 1970s. In 1972, after concluding a study on the US government's computer security needs, the US standards body NBS (National Bureau of Standards) — now renamed NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) — identified a need for a government-wide standard for encrypting unclassified, sensitive information. Accordingly, on 15 May 1973, after consulting with the NSA, NBS solicited proposals for a cipher that would meet rigorous design criteria. None of the submissions, however, turned out to ...

See also:

Data Encryption Standard, Data Encryption Standard - History of DES, Data Encryption Standard - NSA's involvement in the design, Data Encryption Standard - The algorithm as a standard, Data Encryption Standard - Chronology, Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms, Data Encryption Standard - Description, Data Encryption Standard - Overall structure, Data Encryption Standard - The Feistel F function, Data Encryption Standard - Key schedule, Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis, Data Encryption Standard - Brute force attack, Data Encryption Standard - Attacks faster than brute-force, Data Encryption Standard - Minor cryptanalytic properties

Read more here: » Data Encryption Standard: Encyclopedia II - Data Encryption Standard - History of DES

Differential cryptanalysis is usually a chosen plaintext attack, meaning that the attacker must be able to obtain encrypted ciphertexts for some set of plaintexts of his choosing. The scheme can successfully cryptanalyze DES with an effort on the order 2^47 chosen plaintexts. There are, however, extensions that would allow a known plaintext or even a ciphertext-only attack. The basic method uses pairs of plaintext related by a constant difference; difference can be defined in several ways, but the eXclusive OR (XOR) operation is usual ...

See also:

Differential cryptanalysis, Differential cryptanalysis - Origins of differential cryptanalysis, Differential cryptanalysis - A description of the attack, Differential cryptanalysis - Specialized types

Read more here: » Differential cryptanalysis: Encyclopedia II - Differential cryptanalysis - A description of the attack