There are a number of mining methods that are used to extract the mineral bearing rock (ore) from the uneconomic rock, also known as mullock or gangue. Typically some means of support is required in order to maintain the openings that are made by mining. This can be done by pillars which are then mined following the backfilling of the initial stopes. Local to the ore drive, rock bolts, mesh and shotcrete are used to secure working faces and the backs (tops) of the drives. However, leaving pillars of ore is wasteful, as that ore cannot be extracted and processed. See also:

Hard rock mining, Hard rock mining - Access, Hard rock mining - Ore extraction, Hard rock mining - Stope and retreat, Hard rock mining - Stope and fill, Hard rock mining - Extraction, Hard rock mining - Trivia, Hard rock mining - Hardrock mining terms

Read more here: » Hard rock mining: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Ore extraction

If a LTI system's impulse response is to be measured using a MLS, the response can be extracted from the measured system output y(n) by taking its cross-correlation with the MLS sequence. This is because the autocorrelation of a MLS is 1 for zero-lag, and nearly zero (−1/N where N is the sequence length) for all other lags; in other words, the autocorrelation of the MLS can be said to approach unit impulse function as MLS sequence length increases. If the impulse response of a system is h ...

See also:

Maximum length sequence, Maximum length sequence - Generation of maximum length sequences, Maximum length sequence - Extraction of impulse responses

Read more here: » Maximum length sequence: Encyclopedia II - Maximum length sequence - Extraction of impulse responses

Open Cut mines are dug on benches, which describe horizontal levels of the mine. These benches are usually on 3 metre or 6 metre levels, depending on the size of the machinery being used. Quarries rarely use benches, as the majority of quarries are dug using (relatively) small-scale machinery. The walls of the pit are generally dug on an angle less than vertical, to prevent and minimise damage and danger from rock falls. This depends on how weathered the rocks are, and the type of rock, and also how many structural weaknesses occur within the rocks, ...

See also:

Open-pit mining, Open-pit mining - Extraction, Open-pit mining - Rehabilitation, Open-pit mining - Typical Open Cut Grades, Open-pit mining - Open-pit mines

Read more here: » Open-pit mining: Encyclopedia II - Open-pit mining - Extraction

In one of the inscription the goddess of royal fortune is said to have chosen him as her lord, having discarded the other princes. The full import of this passage is obscure. It is, however, certain that the superior ability and prowess of Skandagupta in a time of crisis led to his choice as ruler in preference to other possible claimants. Proud of his success against the barbarians, Skandagupta assumed the title of Vikramaditya. But the continuous attack of the Huns weakened the Gupta empire. Skandagupta died in AD 467. After his dea ...

See also:

Kumara Gupta I, Kumara Gupta I - Iron pillar, Kumara Gupta I - Extract from An Advanced History of India, Kumara Gupta I - Decline of the Gupta Empire

Read more here: » Kumara Gupta I: Encyclopedia II - Kumara Gupta I - Extract from An Advanced History of India

After longstanding criticisms from civil society of the Bank's involvement in the oil, gas, and mining sectors, the World Bank in July 2001 launched an independent review called the Extractive Industries Review (not to be confused with Environmental Impact Report). The review was to take into account the World Bank Group's overall mission of poverty reduction and the promotion of sustainable development. The EIR recommendations were published in January 2004 in a final report entitled "Striking a Better Balance",[2] and, concluding th ...

See also:

World Bank Group, World Bank Group - Organizational structure, World Bank Group - World Bank Group agencies, World Bank Group - Presidency, World Bank Group - Goals, World Bank Group - Criticism, World Bank Group - Evaluation at the World Bank, World Bank Group - Social and environmental concerns, World Bank Group - The Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank Group - Extractive Industries Review, World Bank Group - Impact Evaluations, World Bank Group - Notes, World Bank Group - List of Presidents, World Bank Group - List of chief economists

Read more here: » World Bank Group: Encyclopedia II - World Bank Group - Extractive Industries Review

Impacted wisdom teeth fall into one of several categories. Mesial impaction is the most common form, and means the tooth is angled forward, towards the front of the mouth. Vertical impaction occurs when the formed tooth does not erupt fully through the gumline. Horizontal impaction occurs when the tooth is angled fully ninety degrees forward, growing into the roots of the second molar. Finally, distal impaction is the least common form, and means the tooth is angl ...

See also:

Wisdom teeth, Wisdom teeth - Impactions, Wisdom teeth - Extraction, Wisdom teeth - Post-extraction problems, Wisdom teeth - Bleeding and oozing, Wisdom teeth - Dry socket, Wisdom teeth - Swelling

Read more here: » Wisdom teeth: Encyclopedia II - Wisdom teeth - Impactions

Muscle relaxants are used in modern anaesthesia for many reasons, such as providing optimal operating conditions and facilitating intubation of the trachea. Before muscle relaxants, anaesthesiologists needed to use larger doses of the anaesthetic agent, such as ether or cyclopropane to achieve these aims. Such deep anaesthesia risked killing patients that were elderly or had heart conditions. On January 23, 1942, Dr. Harold Griffith and Dr. Enid Johnson gave a synthetic preparation of curare (Intracostin) to a patient undergoing an ap ...

See also:

Curare, Curare - Curare and anaesthesia, Curare - Plants from which curare can be extracted

Read more here: » Curare: Encyclopedia II - Curare - Curare and anaesthesia

In cold enfleurage, a large framed plate of glass, called a chassis, is smeared with a layer of animal fat, usually from pork or beef, and allowed to set. Botanical matter, usually petals or whole flowers, is then placed on the fat and its scent is allowed to diffuse into the fat over the course of 1-3 days. The process is then repeated by replacing the spent botanicals with fresh ones until the fat has reached a desired degree of fragrance saturation. In hot enfleurage, solid fats are heated and botanical matter is stirred into the fat. Spent botanicals are repeatedly strained from the fat and replaced with f ...

See also:

Enfleurage, Enfleurage - The process of enfleurage, Enfleurage - Other fragrance extraction methods

Read more here: » Enfleurage: Encyclopedia II - Enfleurage - The process of enfleurage

Cooked gluten becomes firm to the bite and soaks up a certain amount of the surrounding broth and its taste. It is therefore commonly used in vegetarian cuisine, notably Chinese Buddhist and vegan cuisine, where one variety is called seitan. Some consider it a convincing imitation meat (particularly duck) when the broth is flavored accordingly. In the process of baking, gluten is responsible for keeping the fermentation gases in the dough, allowing it to rise. After baking, the coagulated gluten ensures that th ...

See also:

Gluten, Gluten - Extraction, Gluten - Usage, Gluten - Maladies caused by gluten, Gluten - Occurrence

Read more here: » Gluten: Encyclopedia II - Gluten - Usage

People suffering from coeliac disease have an intolerance to gluten and must go on a gluten-free diet. Intake of gluten results in damage to the mucosa of the small intestine, and as a result normal digestion becomes impossible. After avoiding gluten completely, the intestine will return to functioning normally. People with autism and autistic spectrum disorders, like Asperger's syndrome, may be sensitive to gluten and casein (a protein in milk); both seem to have an opiate-like effect on these people. The opioid effect of gluten is c ...

See also:

Gluten, Gluten - Extraction, Gluten - Usage, Gluten - Maladies caused by gluten, Gluten - Occurrence

Read more here: » Gluten: Encyclopedia II - Gluten - Maladies caused by gluten

Gluten is found in some cereals (e.g., wheat, rye, barley) and their end products. No gluten is contained in rice (even glutinous rice), wild rice, maize (corn), millets, buckwheat, quinoa, or amaranth. Oats and teff do not contain gluten, but are sometimes grown directly adjacent to, and/or milled on the same equipment as, other grains that do contain gluten, and so are commonly contaminated. Non-cereals such as soybeans a ...

See also:

Gluten, Gluten - Extraction, Gluten - Usage, Gluten - Maladies caused by gluten, Gluten - Occurrence

Read more here: » Gluten: Encyclopedia II - Gluten - Occurrence

Meiofauna are most commonly encountered in sedimentary environments in both marine and fresh water environments, from the littoral to the deep-sea. They can also be found on hard substrates living on algae, the phytal environment, and sessile invertebrates (barnacles, mussel beds, etc.). Meiobenthos - Sampling methodologies. Sampling the meiobenthos is clearly dependent upon the environment and whether quantitative or qualititative samples are required. In the sedimentary environment the methodology used a ...

See also:

Meiobenthos, Meiobenthos - Collecting the Meiobenthos, Meiobenthos - Sampling methodologies, Meiobenthos - Extraction methodologies, Meiobenthos - Meiofaunal Taxa

Read more here: » Meiobenthos: Encyclopedia II - Meiobenthos - Collecting the Meiobenthos

Pied-piping (first identified by John R. Ross) describes the situation where a phrase larger than a single wh-word occurs in the fronted position. In the case where the wh-word is a determiner such as which or whose, pied-piping refers to the fact that the wh-determiner appears sentence-initially along with its complement. For instance, in the following example, the entire phrase "which car" is moved: ...

See also:

Wh-movement, Wh-movement - Wh-movement in English, Wh-movement - Pied-piping, Wh-movement - Extraction islands, Wh-movement - Adjunct islands, Wh-movement - Wh-islands, Wh-movement - Subject extraction, Wh-movement - Subject clauses, Wh-movement - Links

Read more here: » Wh-movement: Encyclopedia II - Wh-movement - Pied-piping

English is one language that features wh-movement. For example, a declarative sentence in English featuring normal word order would be: He buys bread. The direct object, "bread", of the verb, "to buy", normally follows the verb, however, when the direct object is replaced with a wh-word in order to form a question, the wh-word generally appears at the beginning of the sentence: What does he buy? In English main clauses, a form of "to do" must be used as in the absence of an auxiliary verb ...

See also:

Wh-movement, Wh-movement - Wh-movement in English, Wh-movement - Pied-piping, Wh-movement - Extraction islands, Wh-movement - Adjunct islands, Wh-movement - Wh-islands, Wh-movement - Subject extraction, Wh-movement - Subject clauses, Wh-movement - Links

Read more here: » Wh-movement: Encyclopedia II - Wh-movement - Wh-movement in English

Accessing underground ore can be achieved via a decline or a shaft. A decline is a generally spiral tunnel which circles either the flank of the deposit or circles around the deposit. The decline begins with a box cut, which is the portal to the surface. A shaft is vertical and is either sunk on ore or adjacent to ore. Often a mine with have a decline for personnel and machinery access, and a shaft for ore haulage. Drives are then bored horizintally off the decline or shaft to access the ore body. Stopes are then mined from the ...

See also:

Hard rock mining, Hard rock mining - Access, Hard rock mining - Ore extraction, Hard rock mining - Stope and retreat, Hard rock mining - Stope and fill, Hard rock mining - Extraction, Hard rock mining - Trivia, Hard rock mining - Hardrock mining terms

Read more here: » Hard rock mining: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Access

Tar sands development has a direct impact on local and planetary ecosystems. In Alberta, this form of oil extraction completely destroys the boreal forest, the bogs, the rivers as well as the natural landscape. The mining industry believes that the boreal forest will eventually colonize the reclaimed lands, yet 30 years after the opening of the first open pit mine near Fort McMurray, Alberta, no land is considered by ...

See also:

Tar sands, Tar sands - Location, Tar sands - Extraction process, Tar sands - Environmental Impact

Read more here: » Tar sands: Encyclopedia II - Tar sands - Environmental Impact

Gold is generally extracted in open cut mines at 1 to 2 ppm (grams per tonne), but in certain cases, 0.75ppm gold is economic. This was achieved by bulk heap leaching at Alkane Minerals Ltd. Peak Hill mine in western New South Wales, near Dubbo. Nickel, generally as laterite, is extracted via open cut down to 0.2%. Copper is extracted at grades as low as 0.15% to 0.2%, generally in massive open cut mines in Chile, where the size of the re ...

See also:

Open-pit mining, Open-pit mining - Extraction, Open-pit mining - Rehabilitation, Open-pit mining - Typical Open Cut Grades, Open-pit mining - Open-pit mines

Read more here: » Open-pit mining: Encyclopedia II - Open-pit mining - Typical Open Cut Grades

Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacteria. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell ...

See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Precautions

Read more here: » Iron: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Biological role

Kumaragupta erected an iron pilar, today visible at the Qutb complex. The iron pillar is one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities. The pillar was originally located in the temple of Muttra, with the idol of Garuda at the top. It is the only piece of the Hindu temple remaining, which stood there before being destroyed by Qutb-ud-din Aybak to build the Qutub Minar and Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. Qutub b ...

See also:

Kumara Gupta I, Kumara Gupta I - Iron pillar, Kumara Gupta I - Extract from An Advanced History of India, Kumara Gupta I - Decline of the Gupta Empire

Read more here: » Kumara Gupta I: Encyclopedia II - Kumara Gupta I - Iron pillar

Given the described set of rods, suppose that we wish to calculate the product of 46785399 and 7. Place inside the board the rods corresponding to 46785399, as shown in the diagram, and read the result in the horizontal strip in row 7, as marked on the side of the board. To obtain the product, simply note, for each place from right to left, the numbers found by adding the digits within the diagonal sections of the strip ( ...

See also:

Napier's bones, Napier's bones - Multiplication, Napier's bones - Division, Napier's bones - Extracting square roots, Napier's bones - Modifications, Napier's bones - Card abacus

Read more here: » Napier's bones: Encyclopedia II - Napier's bones - Multiplication

Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacteria. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell ...

See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

Read more here: » Iron: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Biological role

PLASMIDS serve as important tools in genetics and biochemistry labs, where they are commonly used to multiply (make many copies of) or express particular genes. There are many plasmids that are commercially available for such uses. Initially, the gene to be replicated is inserted in a plasmid . These plasmids contain, in addition to the inserted gene, one or more genes capable of providing antibiotic resistance to the bacterium that harbors them. The plasmids are next inserted into bacteria by a process called transformation, w ...

See also:

Plasmid, Plasmid - Antibiotic resistance, Plasmid - Episomes, Plasmid - Vectors, Plasmid - Types of plasmid, Plasmid - Applications of plasmids, Plasmid - Plasmid DNA extraction, Plasmid - Conformations

Read more here: » Plasmid: Encyclopedia II - Plasmid - Applications of plasmids