An explanation is a statement which points to causes, context and consequences of some object (or process, state of affairs etc.), together with rules or laws which link these to the object. Some of these elements of the explanation may be implicit. Explanations can only be given by those with understanding of the object which is explained. In scientific research, explanation is one of three purposes of research (other two being exploration and description). Explanation is the discovery and reporting of relationsh ...

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Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar, Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar - Burmese names, Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar - English names, Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar - Adjective oddities

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In English, the name officially chosen for the country at the time of independence was Burma. This was already the name that the British called their colony before 1948. This name most likely comes from Portuguese and was borrowed into English in the 18th century. The Portuguese name itself came from the Indian name Barma which was borrowed by the Portuguese from any of the Indian languages in the 16th or 17th century. This Indian name Barma may derive from colloquial Burmese Bama, but it may also derive from th ...

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Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar, Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar - Burmese names, Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar - English names, Explanation of the names of Burma/Myanmar - Adjective oddities

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In English law, the doctrine derives from R v Swindall v Osborne (1846) 2 Car. & K. 230 where two cart drivers engaged in a race. One of them ran down and killed a pedestrian. It was not known which one had driven the fatal cart, but since both were equally encouraging the other in the race, it was irrelevant which of them had actually struck the man, and they were held jointly liable. Thus, the parties must share a common purpose and make it clear to each other by their actions that they are acting on their common intention so th ...

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Common purpose, Common purpose - Explanation, Common purpose - Deliberate departure, Common purpose - When the outcome is death, Common purpose - Repentance

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To accelerate an object is to change its velocity in relation to time. In this strict scientific sense, acceleration can have positive and negative values – respectively called acceleration (velocity is increased) and deceleration (or retardation -- velocity is decreased) in common speech – as well as change of direction. Acceleration is a vector defined by properties of magnitude (size or measureabililty) and direction. When either speed or direction are ...

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Acceleration, Acceleration - Explanation, Acceleration - Relation to relativity

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Plasmons play a large role in the optical properties of metals. Light of frequency below the plasma frequency is reflected, because the electrons in the metal screen the electric field of the light. Light of frequency above the plasma frequency is transmitted, because the electrons cannot respond fast enough to screen it. In most metals, the plasma frequency is in the ultraviolet, making them shiny in the visible range. On the other hand, some metals, such as copper, have a plasmon frequency in the visible range, yielding their distinct colo ...

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Plasmon, Plasmon - Explanation, Plasmon - Possible uses

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Due to the earth's tilt on its axis (23.45°) and its elliptical orbit around the sun, the relative location of the sun above the horizon is not constant from day to day when observed at the same time on each day. Depending on one's geographical latitude, this loop will be inclined at different angles. The vertical coordinate of a point corresponding to a date corresponds to the declination of the sun on that date, while the horizontal coordinate indicates whether the sun is "fast" or "slow" comp ...

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Analemma, Analemma - Explanation, Analemma - Analemma on other planets

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This quote is very often taken out of context and misinterpreted. Marx is not saying that religion is a tool used by the bourgeoisie to keep the masses quiet and complacent (although this is what some of his Young Hegelian contemporaries thought.) Instead, Marx calls religion the "soul of the soulless conditions, the heart of the heartless world." It is an expression -- a manifestation, a mirror -- of a condition of suffering. But instead of focusing directly on the causes of suffering, religion -- like opium -- works on the imagination to g ...

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Opium of the people, Opium of the people - Explanation, Opium of the people - Reference

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Plasmons play a large role in the optical properties of metals. Light of frequency below the plasma frequency is reflected, because the electrons in the metal screen the electric field of the light. Light of frequency above the plasma frequency is transmitted, because the electrons cannot respond fast enough to screen it. In most metals, the plasma frequency is in the ultraviolet, making them shiny in the visible range. On the other hand, some metals, such as copper, have a plasmon frequency in the visible range, yielding their distinct colo ...

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Plasmon, Plasmon - Explanation, Plasmon - Possible uses, Plasmon - Refrences

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The universe, when viewed on sufficiently large distance scales, has no preferred directions or preferred places. Or, in other words, on a large scale the Universe looks the same in all directions for an observer at any place. This principle is consistent with observations of the universe from the Earth. In regard to the observations, the principle states that Earth is nowhere special. If one assumes these two properties to be true about the Universe, then the only possible cosmic evolution is a global expansion or contraction. In this case, at a time, the velocity between two points must be p ...

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Cosmological Principle, Cosmological Principle - Explanation, Cosmological Principle - Support

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A valet is usually an employee of the establishment, or an employee of a third party valet service. When there is a fee it is usually either a flat amount or a fee based on how long the car is parked. It is customary to tip the valet who actually parks the car. In some restaurants the fee for parking is usually part of the tip that is given to the valet. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables th ...

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Valet parking, Valet parking - Explanation, Valet parking - Efficiency

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In a Conflicts lawsuit, one or more state laws will be relevant to the decision-making process. If the laws are the same, this will cause no problems, but if there are substantive differences, the choice of which law to apply will produce a different judgment. Each state therefore produces a set of rules to guide the choice of law, and one of the most significant rules is that the law to be applied in any given situation will be the proper law. This is the law which seems to have the closest and most real connection to the facts of the case ...

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Proper law, Proper law - Explanation, Proper law - Conclusion

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As the universe expanded and cooled, symmetries in the laws of physics began breaking down in regions that spread at the speed of light; topological defects occur where different regions came into contact with each other. The matter in these defects is in the original symmetric phase, which persists after a phase transition to the new asymmetric new phase is completed. Various different types of topological defects are possible with the type of defect formed being determined by the symmetry properties of the matter and the nature of t ...

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Topological defect, Topological defect - Explanation, Topological defect - External link

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The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the strength of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law. Young's modulus describes the material's response to linear strain (like pulling on the ends of a wire), the bulk modulus describes the material's response to uniform pressure, and the shear modulus describes the material's response to shearing strains. Anisotropic materials such as wood and paper are poorly described by these three moduli. In solids, there are two kinds of sound waves, pressure waves and shear waves. The speed of sound for sh ...

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Shear modulus, Shear modulus - Explanation

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Because it is a base unit, the definition of the ampere is not tied to any other electrical unit. The definition for the ampere is equivalent to fixing a value of the permeability of vacuum to μ0 = 4π×10−7 H/m. Prior to 1948, the so-called "international ampere" was used, defined in terms of the electrolytic deposition rate of silver. The older unit is equal to 0.999 85 A. The ampere is most accurately realised using an ampere balance, but is in practice maintained via Ohm's Law from the uni ...

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Ampere, Ampere - Definition, Ampere - Explanation

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The velocity (v) is a physical quantity of an object's motion. A change in an object's velocity can therefore arise from either a change in its speed or in its direction. For example an aeroplane that is circling at a constant speed of 200km/h is changing its velocity because it is continously changing its direction. A aeroplane that is taking-off may go from zero to 200km/h in a straight line and ...

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Velocity, Velocity - Explanation, Velocity - Formal description, Velocity - Polar coordinates

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For example, a manufacturing firm pays for raw materials. When activity is decreased, less raw material is used, and so the spending for raw materials falls. When activity is increased, more raw material is used and spending therefore rises. Note that the changes in expenses happen with little or no need for managerial intervention. There are many expense categories in business that consist of both fixed and variable components, like electricity. A company will pay for line rental and maintenance fees each period regardless of how muc ...

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Variable cost, Variable cost - Explanation

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Since 1970, the court has had power to transfer ownership of property, order capital lump sums and periodical payments ('maintenance') to be paid by one party to another. Courts do not now favour the concept of the "clean break" to divide broken marriages , and they tend to choose periodical payments by one partner to the other in more and more cases. Maintenance orders can be given on nominal or specific terms. Nominal terms are intended to keep the applicant's rights to get maintenance alive while the former partner isn't able to pay. The order can be reviewed any time to match the ongoi ...

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Ancillary relief, Ancillary relief - Explanation, Ancillary relief - Legal rulings

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Since the farad is a very large unit, values of capacitors are usually in range of microfarads (μF), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads (pF). The picofarad is comically called a "puff" in laboratory usage. The millifarad is rarely used in practice, so that a capacitance of 4.7×10−3 F, for example, is usually written as 4700 μF. Very small capacitance values, such as those used in integrated circuits may also be expressed in femtofarads, one femtofarad being equal to 1×10−15 F. A new technology called supercapacitors offe ...

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Farad, Farad - Definition, Farad - SI multiples, Farad - Explanation, Farad - Everyday use

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Constraint satisfaction problems are problems with a complete solution, where the order of elements does not matter. The problems consist of a set of variables each of which must be assigned a value, subject to the particular constraints of the problem. Backtracking attempts to try all the combinations in order to obtain a solution. Its strength is that many implementations avoid trying many partial combinations, thus speeding up the running-time. Backtracking ...

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Backtracking, Backtracking - Explanation, Backtracking - Implementation, Backtracking - Heuristics, Backtracking - Applications

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