Experimental philosophy is a name which refers to the protoscientific studies in chemistry conducted by Greek, Roman, and Byzantine scholars in the time period between approximately 500 BC and 400 AD. It is characterized by its similarity to medieval alchemy and its focus on the mystic significance of the results of chemical experimentation. Most experimental philosophers attempted to gain some understanding of the spiritual or divine worlds through their experiments. Experimental philosophy began to be ...

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Experimental philosophy, Experimental philosophy - Definition, Experimental philosophy - History, Experimental philosophy - Today

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Experimental aircraft, Experimental aircraft - FAA definition of Experimental Aircraft, Experimental aircraft - Amateur Aircraft and Kit-built Aircraft, Experimental aircraft - Experimental aircraft culture

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Experimenter:

The person who conducts the experiment.

(See also: Experimenter, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Vivisection and animal experimentation has been controversial since the 19th century with physiologists expressing reservations much earlier. Sides, for and against, have formed over the years and are often deeply entrenched in their respective viewpoints. Vivisection and experimentation debate - Vivisection. Vivisection means cutting the live body, generally without anesthesia, though the word is now sometimes used to mean any experiment on a living animal. In 1655, physiologist Edmund O'Mear ...

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• Vivisection and experimentation debate - Vivisection
• Vivisection and experimentation debate - The debate on animal testing
• Vivisection and experimentation debate - Scientific issues
• Vivisection and experimentation debate - Moral issues
• Vivisection and experimentation debate - Other Issues

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Tantra: Experimental duplication

TANTRA Science relies upon the practical realization of its teachings. Here we are not dealing with endless talking and argumentation but instead with engaging ourselves fully and thoroughly in an exceptional practice which can lead the practitioner to Freedom, Pure Existence, Super-Consciousness, Beatitude and super-normal powers (SIDDHIS).

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Experimental controls are used in scientific experiments to prevent factors other than those being studied from affecting the outcome. Controls are needed to eliminate alternate explanations of experimental results. For example, suppose a researcher feeds an experimental artificial sweetener to thirty laboratory rats and observes that eight of them subsequently die of dehydration. The underlying cause of death could be the sweetener itself or something unrelated. Perhaps the rats were simply not supplied with enough water; or t ...

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An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction, (1798), Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society p.102 is a scientific paper by Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford that provided a substantial challenge to established theories of heat and began the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction - Background. Rumford was an opponent of the caloric theory of heat which hel ...

Including:

• An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction - Background
• An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction - Experiments
• An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction - Reception
• An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction - Notes
• An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction - Bibliography

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Finding an audience for experimental films can be just as difficult as making them. From 1947 to 1963, the New York-based Cinema 16 functioned as the primary exhibitor and distributor of experimental film in the United States. Under the leadership of Amos Vogel and Marcia Vogel, Cinema 16 flourished as a nonprofit membership society committed to the exhibition of documentary, avant-garde, scientific, educational, a ...

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Experimental film, Experimental film - History, Experimental film - The European avant-garde, Experimental film - The postwar American avant-garde, Experimental film - The New American Cinema, Experimental film - Structural-Materialism, Experimental film - Feminist avant-garde and other political offshoots, Experimental film - Prominent experimental films and filmmakers, Experimental film - Distribution, Experimental film - Exhibition, Experimental film - Influences on commercial media

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The above guidelines have developed in large part to address two central critiques. Specifically, economics experiments are often challenged because of concerns about their "internal validity" and "external validity." (E.g. that they are not applicable models for many types of economic behaviour, so the experiments simply aren't good enough to produce useful answers.) Some economic theorists, especially the Austrian school, reject the entire concept of economic empiricism, since they reach their conclusions strictly by deduction (from axioms arrived at intro ...

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Experimental economics, Experimental economics - Market Games, Experimental economics - Social Preferences, Experimental economics - Behavioural biases in auctions, Experimental economics - Guidelines, Experimental economics - Critiques, Experimental economics - Links:

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Experimental film - The European avant-garde. Two conditions made Europe in the 1920s ready for the emergence of experimental film. First, the cinema matured as a medium, and highbrow resistance to the mass entertainment began to wane. Second, avant-garde movements in the visual arts fluorished. The Dadaists and Surrealists in particular took to cinema. René Clair's Entr'acte took madcap comedy into nonsequitur, and artists Hans Richter, Jean Cocteau, Marcel Duchamp, Germaine Dulac and Viking Eggel ...

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Experimental film, Experimental film - History, Experimental film - The European avant-garde, Experimental film - The postwar American avant-garde, Experimental film - The New American Cinema, Experimental film - Structural-Materialism, Experimental film - Feminist avant-garde and other political offshoots, Experimental film - Prominent experimental films and filmmakers, Experimental film - Distribution, Experimental film - Exhibition, Experimental film - Influences on commercial media

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There has also been medical experimentation on unconsenting humans, either covertly, or under coercion. In some cases, the pretext of medical experimentation has been used as a justification for some of the most shameful atrocities of human history. Some of these episodes include: Human experimentation - Before World War II. Britain: human experimentation on 80,000 political prisoners in Andaman Islands [1] Human experimentation - World War II< ...

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Human experimentation, Human experimentation - Medical experimentation on unconsenting people, Human experimentation - Before World War II, Human experimentation - World War II, Human experimentation - After World War II but not ongoing, Human experimentation - Ongoing, Human experimentation - Questionable psychological experiments, Human experimentation - Further Readings

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Experimental theatre - Writers. Antonin Artaud (Theatre of Cruelty) Bertolt Brecht (Epic Theatre) Jean Cocteau Dario Fo Experimental theatre - Directors. Peter Brook Andre Gregory Jerzy Grotowski (Poor Theatre) Elizabeth LeCompte Vsevolod Meyerhold ...

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Experimental theatre, Experimental theatre - Genres and movements, Experimental theatre - Key figures, Experimental theatre - Writers, Experimental theatre - Directors, Experimental theatre - Groups, Experimental theatre - United Kingdom, Experimental theatre - United States

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Some of the more common techniques include: Extended techniques: Any of a number of methods of performing on a musical instrument that are unique, innovative, and sometimes regarded as improper. "Prepared" instruments—ordinary instruments modified in their tuning or sound-producing characteristics. For example, guitar strings can have a weight attached at a certain point, changing their harmonic characteristics (Keith Rowe is one musician to have experimented with such techniques). Cage's p ...

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Experimental music, Experimental music - Keywords, Experimental music - Techniques, Experimental music - Some composers and performers of experimental music, Experimental music - Source

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Though experimental film is known to a relatively small number of practioners, academics and connossieurs, it has influenced and continues to influence cinematography, visual effects and editing. Martin Scorcese cites experimental film, particularly the work of Kenneth Anger, as influential on his style. The genre of music video can be seen as a commercialization of many techniques of experimental film. Title design and te ...

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Experimental film, Experimental film - History, Experimental film - The European avant-garde, Experimental film - The postwar American avant-garde, Experimental film - The New American Cinema, Experimental film - Structural-Materialism, Experimental film - Feminist avant-garde and other political offshoots, Experimental film - Prominent experimental films and filmmakers, Experimental film - Distribution, Experimental film - Exhibition, Experimental film - Influences on commercial media

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The United States Federal Aviation Administration requires an airworthiness certificate to be maintained as part of the official paperwork associated with each aircraft. Aircraft produced by certified aircraft manufacturers will go through an extensive period of testing to prove that they are airworthy. These tests cover everything from engineering and construction to the flying characteristics of the aircraft in question. Once the aircraft and manufacturer have satisfactorily completed these tests, they are authorized by the FAA to produce aircraft with a standard airworthiness certificate. An ...

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Experimental aircraft, Experimental aircraft - FAA definition of Experimental Aircraft, Experimental aircraft - Amateur Aircraft and Kit-built Aircraft, Experimental aircraft - Experimental aircraft culture

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Aleatoric Music- Also called 'chance music' (Cage's habitual usage). Music in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. Graphic Score- Music which is written in the form of diagrams or drawings rather than using “conventional” notation (with staves, clefs, notes etc). Microtones- A pitch interval that is smaller than a semitone. This includes quarter tones and intervals even smaller. Composers have, for example, experimented in dividing the octave into 31 and 53 microtones, a ...

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Experimental music, Experimental music - Keywords, Experimental music - Techniques, Experimental music - Some composers and performers of experimental music, Experimental music - Source

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Vernon Smith of the Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science at George Mason University conducted pioneering economics experiments on the convergence of prices and quantities to their theoretical competitive equilibrium values in experimental markets. Smith studied the behaviour of "buyers" and "sellers", who are told how much they "value" a fictitious commodity, and then are asked to competitively "bid" or "ask" on these commodities following the rules of various real world market institutions, such as the double auction (both sides ca ...

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Experimental economics, Experimental economics - Market Games, Experimental economics - Social Preferences, Experimental economics - Behavioural biases in auctions, Experimental economics - Guidelines, Experimental economics - Critiques, Experimental economics - Links:

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Other experiments went further into the auction experiments with which Smith had begun the discipline. He showed that a naive crowd tends to pay more for any item when it sold via an (increasing price) English auction, rather than a (declining price) Dutch auction. One explanation of this bias is that a declining price generates a sense of "suspense", whereas an increasing price tends to give the ultimate victor in a bidding war an extra sense of satisfication. Therefore, the social pressure not to lose may add an extra utility to win ...

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Experimental economics, Experimental economics - Market Games, Experimental economics - Social Preferences, Experimental economics - Behavioural biases in auctions, Experimental economics - Guidelines, Experimental economics - Critiques, Experimental economics - Links:

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Vivisection means cutting the live body, generally without anesthesia, though the word is now sometimes used to mean any experiment on a living animal. In 1655, physiologist Edmund O'Meara is recorded as saying that "the miserable torture of vivisection surely places the body in an unnatural state." O'Meara thus expresses one of the chief scientific objections, that the pain of the vivisected subject will interfere with the accur ...

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Vivisection and experimentation debate, Vivisection and experimentation debate - Vivisection, Vivisection and experimentation debate - The debate on animal testing, Vivisection and experimentation debate - Scientific issues, Vivisection and experimentation debate - Moral issues, Vivisection and experimentation debate - Other Issues

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In the eyes of the United States Federal Aviation Administration, an Experimental Homebuilt Aircraft is not constructed by a licensed aircraft manufacturer. Instead, at least 51% of the aircraft is constructed by a private individual; the remaining 49% percent can be purchased from a kit manufacturer. In the past, far less than the allowed 49% of the kit was assembled by the manufacturer of the kit. Now, the majority of experimental aircraft builders purchase kits that are assembled by the ...

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Experimental aircraft, Experimental aircraft - FAA definition of Experimental Aircraft, Experimental aircraft - Amateur Aircraft and Kit-built Aircraft, Experimental aircraft - Experimental aircraft culture

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