Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism

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ARTICLES RELATED TO Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism

Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the idea that the most certain and primary reality is rational consciousness. Descartes argued that we could think away everything that exists and doubt its reality but that we could not think away or doubt the thinking consciousness, whose reality is therefore more certain than any other reality. Existentialism decisively rejects this argument, asserting instead that as conscious beings we always find ourselves ...

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Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Walter Kaufmann

Walter Arnold Kaufmann (July 1, 1921 - September 4, 1980) was a 20th-century Jewish German philosopher, scholar, and poet. He produced much original philosophy, most of which was on subjects related to what would now be called authenticity. He also wrote on, among other things, atheism, tragedy, and Shakespeare. His translations of Nietzsche and his anthology of existentialist works, such as Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, are also celebrated works of his. Kaufmann believed that critical analysis and acqu ...

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Walter Kaufmann - Partial bibliography

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a current in philosophy that takes the intuitive experience of phenomena (what presents itself to us in conscious experience) as its starting point and tries to extract the essential features of experiences and the essence of what we experience. It stems from the School of Brentano and was mostly based on the work of the 20th century philosopher Edmund Husserl, and was developed further by philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Scheler, Hannah Arendt, and Emmanuel Levinas. As such, phenomeno ...

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Phenomenology - Precursors and influences

Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenologists

Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology

Phenomenology - Realist phenomenologists

Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology

Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Religious humanism

Religious humanism, is an integration of religious rituals with humanistic philosophy that centers on human needs, interests, and abilities. The two basic approaches to religious humanism are from a humanist viewpoint that incorporates religious ritual, and from a revealed religious tradition with a humanist influence. Religious humanism - Humanist traditions. As originally conceived in the early 20th century, humanism rejected revealed knowledge, theism-based morality and the supernatural. Yet many of the ...

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Religious humanism - Humanist traditions

Religious humanism - Spiritual Humanism

Religious humanism - Revealed religious traditions

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Awareness

In biological psychology, awareness describes an animal's perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. Awareness does not necessarily imply understanding. Awareness is a relative concept. An animal may be partially aware, may be subconsciously aware or may be acutely aware of an event. Awareness may be focused on an internal state, such as a visceral feeling, or on external events by way of sensory perception. Awareness provides the raw material from which animals develop qua ...

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: [ˈsœːɔn ˈkʰiɔ̯g̊əˌg̊ɔːˀ]), May 5, 1813 – November 11, 1855), a 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian, is generally recognized as the first existentialist philosopher. Philosophically, he bridged the gap that existed between Hegelian philosophy and what was to become Existentialism. Kierkegaard strongly criticised both the Hegelian philosophy of his time, and what he saw as the empty formalities of the Danish church. Much of h ...

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Søren Kierkegaard - Life

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy, based on the experiential ideal of "here and now," and relationships with others and the world. Drawing on the ideas of humanistic psychology, the school of Gestalt therapy was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s. It is related to but not identical to Gestalt psychology and the Gestalt psychology-based Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy of Hans-Juergen Walter. Gestalt therapy - General description. The school of Gestalt therap ...

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Gestalt therapy - Psychotherapeutic bases

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Criticisms of sexual behavior

Criticism and regulation of sexuality has historically been one of the major aspects of human society. Criticisms of sexual behavior have addressed human sexuality in general as well as its individual practices. Because sexuality is a fundamental aspect of human identity, every criticism of sexuality fails one or more logical tests, and can never rise to the level of a scientific thesis. Nevertheless, it is educational to examine each criticism as well as its flaws. Criticisms of sexual behavior - General criticisms. ...

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Criticisms of sexual behavior - General criticisms

Criticisms of sexual behavior - Criticisms of heterosexuality

Criticisms of sexual behavior - Criticisms of bisexuality

Criticisms of sexual behavior - Criticisms of homosexuality

Criticisms of sexual behavior - Sources

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Moksha

Moksha (Sanskrit: मोक्ष, liberation) or Mukti (Sanskrit: विमुक्ति, release) refers, in general, to liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. In higher Hindu philosophy, it is seen as a transcendence of phenomenal being, of any sense of consciousness of time, space, and causation (karma). It is not seen as a soteriological goal in the same sense as in, say, a Christian context, but signifies dissolution of the sense of self, or ego, and the overall breakdown of nama-roopa (nam ...

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Moksha - Means to achieve Moksha

Read more here: » Moksha: Encyclopedia - Moksha

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Belief

Belief in the psychological sense, is a representational mental state that takes the form of a propositional attitude. In the religious sense, "belief" refers to a part of a wider spiritual or moral foundation, generally called faith; historically generated by a group's need to provide a functionally valid foundation to sustain them. The generally accepted faiths usually note that when oppressive states are generated by it being exercised, and not a fact of reality, it was ...

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Read more here: » Belief: Encyclopedia - Belief

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Analytic philosophy

Analytic philosophy is the dominant philosophical movement in University philosophy departments in English-speaking countries, although one of its founders, Gottlob Frege, was German, and many of its leading proponents, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, Kurt Gödel and Karl Popper, were Austrian. Logic and philosophy of language were central strands of analytic philosophy from the beginning, although this dominance has diminished greatly. Several lines of thought originate from the early, language-and-logic part of th ...

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Analytic philosophy - Natural language

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Absolute idealism

Absolute Idealism is a monistic ontology. It is the philosophy attributed to G.W.F. Hegel. It posits that in order for the subject to know the world, or object, some necessary point of identity between the two must exist. Otherwise, the subject would never have access to the object and we wouldn't be able to know anything about the world. That point of identity must itself give rise to different ideas, including subject and object, and must be the basis of all the c ...

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Absolute idealism - Schopenhauer

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Virtue ethics

In philosophy, the phrase virtue ethics refers to ethical systems that focus primarily on what sort of person one should try to be. Thus, one of the aims of virtue ethics is to offer an account of the sort of characteristics a virtuous person has. The ultimate aim of virtue ethics is eudaimonia, roughly meaning 'flourishing' or 'success.' According to virtue ethicists this is the aim to which all humans endeavour - to lead a good, happy and fulfilling life. Virtue ethics - Achieving eudaimonia. < ...

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Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Philosophy

The word Philosophy has a variety of meanings. Its etymology is from the ancient Greek word "Φιλοσοφία" (philo-sophia), which means "love of wisdom." Philosophy - Branches of philosophy. Philosophers analyse and investigate such concepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty. Philosophers may ask critical questions about the nature of these concepts — questions typically outside the scope of other disciplines, such as science. Several major works of post ...

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Philosophy - Branches of philosophy

Philosophy - History of Philosophy

Philosophy - Bibliography

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None is a book written during the 1880s by the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche. Hard to categorise, the work is a treatise on existential philosophy, a masterly work of literature, in parts a collection of poetry and in others a parody of and amendment to the bible. Consisting largely of speeches by the book's hero, prophet Zarathustra, the work's content extends across a mass of styles and subject matter. Nietzsche himself described the work as 'the deepest ever written'. ...

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Thus Spoke Zarathustra - Synopsis

Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Uralic languages

The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. The name of the language family refers to the location of the family’s suggested Urheimat (homeland), which is often placed close to the Ural mountains. Countries that are home to a significant number of speakers of Uralic languages include: Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Romania, Russia, the Serbian province of Vojvodina, and Sweden. The healthiest Uralic languages, in terms of the number of native speakers and national ...

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Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism: Encyclopedia - Time

Attempting to understand time has long been a prime occupation for philosophers, scientists and artists. There are widely divergent views about its meaning, hence it is difficult to provide an uncontroversial and clear definition of time. The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future, regarded as a whole". Another standard dictionary definition is "a non-spatial linear continuum wherein events occur in an apparently irreversible order." This article looks at some of the main philosophi ...