Encyclopedia - Eusebius Of Caesarea: Encyclopedia - Eusebius Of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea (~275 – May 30, 339) (often called Eusebius Pamphili, "Eusebius [the friend] of Pamphilus") was a bishop of Caesar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eusebius Of Caesarea: Encyclopedia Ii - Eusebius Of Caesarea - Works
Of the extensive literary activity of Eusebius, a relatively large portion has been preserved. Although posterity suspected him of Ariani...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eusebius Of Caesarea: Encyclopedia Ii - Eusebius Of Caesarea - Biography
His exact date and place of birth are unknown, and little is known of his youth. He became acquainted with the presbyter Dorotheus in Ant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 339: Encyclopedia - 339
Events Athanasius is deposed as Patriarch of Alexandria. Births Deaths Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea and first church historian, dies (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ambrose Of Alexandria: Encyclopedia - Ambrose Of Alexandria
Ambrose of Alexandria (died about 250 AD) was a friend of Origen. Attracted by Origen's fame as a teacher, he visited his school about 21...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 315: Encyclopedia - 315
315 - Events. Eusebius becomes bishop of Caesarea (approximate date). 315 - Births. Cyril of Jerusalem, theologian (not confirmed)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 275: Encyclopedia - 275
275 - Events. Eutychian elected pope (probable date) September 25 - Marcus Claudius Tacitus appointed emperor by the senate 275 - Bi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abgar: Encyclopedia - Abgar
Abgar or Agbar was the favored name among a dynasty of local rulers at Edessa in northern Mesopotamia, the most famous of whom figured in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Castration Cult: Encyclopedia - Castration Cult
A number of religious cults have included castration as a central theme of their practice. These include: The cult of Cybele, in which d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belus Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Belus Babylonian
Belus or Belos in classical Greek or classical Latin texts (and later material based on them) in a Babylonian context refers to the Babyl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristides The Athenian: Encyclopedia - Aristides The Athenian
Aristides the Athenian (also Saint Aristides) was a 2nd century Greek Christian author, believed to have died in approximately the year 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artapanas: Encyclopedia - Artapanas
Artapanas was a historian who lived in Alexandria in the second century B.C. He wrote a history of the Jews, parts of which have been pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sanchuniathon: Encyclopedia - Sanchuniathon
Sanchuniathon or Sanchoniathon or Sanchoniatho is the purported Phoenician author of three lost works originally in Phoenician, surviving...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 340: Encyclopedia - 340
340 - Events. Constantine II attacks his brother Constans near Aquileia, aiming for sole control of the western half of the Roman Empi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acacius Of Caesarea: Encyclopedia Ii - Acacius Of Caesarea - Rise To Prominence In The Arian Party
Nothing is known of the date or country of his birth, but he was probably a Syrian; and throughout his life bore the nickname of one-eyed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pamphilus Of Caesarea: Encyclopedia Ii - Pamphilus Of Caesarea - The Library At Caesarea
Pamphilus, not unlike the humanists of the Renaissance, devoted his life to searching out and obtaining copies which he collected in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Of Samosata: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Of Samosata - Life
Paul was born at Samosata into a family of humble origin. He was elected bishop of Antioch in 260 but aroused controversy with his Monarc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astronomical Unit: Encyclopedia Ii - Astronomical Unit - History
Aristarchus of Samos estimated the distance to the Sun to be about 20 times the distance to the moon, whereas the true ratio is about 390...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Eusebius Pamphili Of Caesarea: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Eusebius Pamphili Of Caesarea
Eusebius Pamphili of Caesarea (260?-?340) Theologian, Church historian, bishop of Caesarea; called the father of ecclesiastical histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eratosthenes: Encyclopedia Ii - Eratosthenes - The Mysterious Astronomical Distances
Eusebius of Caesarea in his Praeparatio Evangelica includes a brief chapter of three sentences on celestial distances (Book XV, Chapter 5...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ramesses Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Ramesses Ii - The Pharaoh Of The Exodus?
At least as early as Eusebius of Caesarea, Ramesses II was identified with the pharaoh of whom the Biblical figure Moses is popularly bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Council Of Nicaea: Encyclopedia Ii - First Council Of Nicaea - Attendees
Constantine had invited all 1800 bishops of the Christian church (about 1000 in the east and 800 in the west). The number of participatin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tertullian: Encyclopedia Ii - Tertullian - Life
Of his life very little is known, and that little is based upon passing references in his own writings, and upon Eusebius of Caesarea, Hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sozomen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sozomen - First Work
Sozomen wrote two works on church history. His first work covered the history of the Church, from the Ascension of Jesus to the defeat of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Authorship And Provenance
The gospel itself is anonymous, but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century, a text was attributed to Mark, a disciple of Peter, who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Authorship And Provenance
The gospel itself is anonymous, but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century, a text was attributed to Mark, a disciple of Peter, who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Historians By Area Of Study: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Historians By Area Of Study - By Historical Viewpoint
List of historians by area of study - Abolitionist. George Washington Williams - Early African-American historian List of historians...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origen: Encyclopedia Ii - Origen - Works
Origen - Exegetical writings. According to Epiphanius (Haer., lxiv.63) Origen wrote about 6,000 works (i.e., rolls or chapters). A list...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of Pilate: Encyclopedia - Acts Of Pilate
The Acts of Pilate (Latin Acta Pilati) which formed the nucleus of the medieval Gospel of Nicodemus, is a book of the New Testament apocr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Of Samosata: Encyclopedia - Paul Of Samosata
Paul of Samosata, patriarch of Antioch (260-269), Paul of Samosata - Life. Paul was born at Samosata into a family of humble origin. He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synoptic Gospels: Encyclopedia - Synoptic Gospels
The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Test...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Labarum: Encyclopedia - Labarum
The Roman emperor Constantine I (ruled 306 - 337) created a new military standard to be carried before his army which displayed the first...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Therapeutae: Encyclopedia - Therapeutae
The Therapeutae (meaning "healers" to Philo, "servants" to the Pseudo-Dionysius) and Therapeutridae (the female members of the sect) were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John The Baptist: Encyclopedia - John The Baptist
John the Baptist (also called John the Baptizer or Yahya the Baptizer) is regarded as a prophet by at least three religions: Christianity...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dedication: Encyclopedia - Dedication
Dedication (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce), properly the setting apart of anything by solemn proclamation. It i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arius: Encyclopedia - Arius
Arius (AD 256 - 336, poss. in North Africa) was an early Christian theologian, who taught that the Son of God was not eternal, and was su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Shepherd Of Hermas: Encyclopedia - The Shepherd Of Hermas
The Shepherd of Hermas (sometimes just called The Shepherd) is a Christian work of the second century, considered a valuable book by many...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anno Domini: Encyclopedia Ii - Anno Domini - Earlier Calendar Epochs
Anno Domini dating was not the initial choice of Christians in the Mediterranean world; it was not adopted in Western Europe until after ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Characteristics
Unlike both Matthew and Luke, Mark does not offer any information about the life of Jesus before he begins his ministry: there is no nati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Milvian Bridge: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Milvian Bridge - Events Of The Battle
In the summer of 312, Constantine gathered his forces and decided to settle the dispute by force. He easily overran northern Italy, and s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Anti-semitism And The New Testament
Few Jews consider the New Testament anti-Semitic as such. The main concern of most Jews today is how the New Testament has been used to l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sabbath: Encyclopedia Ii - Sabbath - Arguments Used Against Sabbath Observance
Some Christian theologians use Colossians 2:14-17 to show that Sabbath observance for Christians has been abolished — "Blotting out the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tertullian: Encyclopedia Ii - Tertullian - Theology
Tertullian - General character. Though thoroughly conversant with the Greek theology, Tertullian was independent of its metaphysical sp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adolf Harnack: Encyclopedia Ii - Adolf Harnack - Biography
He was born at Tartu (then Dorpat) in Livonia (then a province of Russia, now in Estonia) where his father, Theodosius Harnack, held a pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sanchuniathon: Encyclopedia Ii - Sanchuniathon - The Author
The compilers of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica warned that Sanchuniathon "belongs more to legend than to history." All our knowledge ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Therapeutae: Encyclopedia Ii - Therapeutae - Forerunners Of Early Christian Monastic Orders
They lived chastely with utter simplicity; they "first of all laid down temperance as a sort of foundation for the soul to rest upon, pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Origins
Herodotus's account (written c. 440 BC) refers to a faint memory from 1000 years earlier, and so may be subject to question (History, I:1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John The Baptist: Encyclopedia Ii - John The Baptist - Islamic View
Muslims, like Christians, revere John the Baptist as a prophet (he is known as Yahya). See also similarities between the Bible and the Qu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arch Of Constantine: Encyclopedia Ii - Arch Of Constantine - Decoration
The decoration of the arch heavily uses parts of older monuments, which are given a new meaning in the context of the Constantinian build...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Justin Martyr: Encyclopedia Ii - Justin Martyr - Writings
The earliest mention of Justin is found in the Oratio ad Graecos by Tatian, who calls him "the most admirable Justin," quotes a saying of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Later History
Just as Saints Peter and Paul are said to have brought the fledgling Christianity to Greece and Rome, Thomas is often said to have taken ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of The Apostles: Encyclopedia Ii - Acts Of The Apostles - Historical Value
The question of authorship is largely bound up with that as to the historicity of the contents. Acts is divided into two distinct parts. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constantine I Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Constantine I Emperor - Early Life
Constantine was born at Naissus,(today's Niš, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro) in Upper Moesia, to Constantius I Chlorus, and his first wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicene Creed: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicene Creed - Text
Nicene Creed - Comparison between creed of 325 and creed of 381. Often the Creed of 381 is regarded as a simple extension of the creed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint James The Just: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint James The Just - Brother, Half-brother, Step-brother Or Cousin Of Jesus
To many dispassionate outsiders, the number of the Jameses in the immediate circle of Jesus seems to have been multiplied, and Jerome's p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baalbek: Encyclopedia Ii - Baalbek - Heliopolis, The City Of The Sun
Heliopolis (there was another Heliopolis in Egypt) was made a colonia by the Roman Empire in 15 BC and a legion was stationed there. Work...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Religion And Sexual Orientation: Encyclopedia Ii - Religion And Sexual Orientation - Genetic Determination, Choice, And Change
Some view sexual orientation as not a matter of choice, but rather genetically or otherwise inherently determined. They reason that if an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Of Tarsus: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Of Tarsus - Paul's Trip To Rome, Imprisonment And Death
Acts describes Paul's journey from Caesarea to Rome in some detail. The centurion Julius had shipped Paul and his fellow prisoners aboard...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Religion And Sexual Orientation: Encyclopedia Ii - Religion And Sexual Orientation - View That Homosexuality Is Moral, Morally Acceptable, Or Is Not An Issue Of Morality
The view that homosexuality is moral, morally acceptable, or that morality does not apply come from religious groups, human rights groups...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - El God: Encyclopedia Ii - El God - Ēl In Proto-sinaitic, Phoenician, Aramaic, And Hittite Texts
A proto-Sinaitic mine inscription from Mount Sinai reads ’ld‘lm understood to be vocalized as ’il dū ‘ôlmi, 'Ēl Eternal' or 'G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Date
The text of the Gospel itself furnishes us with no clear information as to the time that it was written. It is generally agreed among sch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Milvian Bridge: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Milvian Bridge - Historical Background
The underlying cause of the battle was the five-year-long dispute between Constantine and Maxentius over control of the Western Roman Emp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Markan Priority Among The Synoptic Gospels
The first three or synoptic gospels are closely related. For example, out of a total of 662 verses, Mark has 406 in common with both Matt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Audience
The general theory is that Mark is a Hellenistic gospel, written primarily for an audience of Greek-speaking residents of the Roman Empir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Sources: Mark's Disputed Relation With Q Gospel
Many mainstream textual critics agree that Matthew as we now have it and Luke depend upon Mark and the theorized lost "sayings" gospel ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constantine I Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Constantine I Emperor - Later Life
His victory in 312 over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire Weste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Anti-semitism In Modern-day Nations
Anti-Semitism in Europe remains a substantial problem. The entry on Religious freedom in Poland discusses the current state of religious ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Current Attempts To Convert Jews To Christianity
The Southern Baptist Convention, the largest Protestant Christian denomination in the U.S., has explicitly rejected suggestions that it s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constantine I Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Constantine I Emperor - Constantine And Christianity
Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Roman Emperor to freely allow Christianity. Christian historians ever since Lactant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constantine I Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Constantine I Emperor - Constantine's Life And Actions After The Edict Of Milan
Coins struck for emperors often reveal details of their personal iconography. During the early part of Constantine's rule, representation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - 19th- And 20th-century Christian Anti-semitism
In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. Until the 1840s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Reasons That Anti-semitism Continued
The isolation of Jews as a special case may be a partial cause of both beneficial and detrimental special treatment of the Jews. This spe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - Losses And Early Editing
Mark is the shortest gospel. Manuscripts, both scrolls and codices, tend to lose text at the beginning and the end, not unlike a coverles...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Early Origins
There have been philosophical differences between Christianity and Rabbinical Judaism since the outset. Debates between the early Christi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Anti-judaism
Perhaps best described as 'religious anti-Semitism,' anti-Judaism is a manifestation of a religious hostility toward Jews, based in Chris...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christianity And Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Christianity And Anti-semitism - Christians In Nazi Germany
Christianity and anti-Semitism - Collaborating Christians. See: Gleichschaltung; German Christians; Protestant Reich Church; Hanns Ker...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gospel Of Mark: Encyclopedia Ii - Gospel Of Mark - The Little Apocalypse Of Mark 13
Exegesis is often made to show correspondences with the calamities of the First Jewish Revolt of AD 66–70. Jesus' remarks in 13:1–2, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Phoenician Trade
In the centuries following 1200 BC, the Phoenicians formed the major naval and trading power of the region. Perhaps it was through these ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Persian And Hellenistic Phoenicia
Information on Phoenician cities and their hinterlands under the Achaemenid Persians is sparse. The famous event is the revolt of Sidon a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Important Phoenician Cities And Colonies
From the 10th century BC, their expansive culture established cities and colonies throughout the Mediterranean. Canaanite deities like Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Language And Literature
See main articles: Phoenician language, Phoenician alphabet, Alphabet. Though the Phoenicians are credited with developing the Phoenician...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - Phoenicians In The Bible
In the Old Testament there is no reference to the Greek term Phoenicia; instead, the inhabitants of the coastal are identified by their c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phoenicia: Encyclopedia Ii - Phoenicia - The Cultural And Economic Empire
Fernand Braudel remarked (in The Perspective of the World) that Phoenicia was an early example of a "world-economy" surrounded by empires...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicene Creed: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicene Creed - History
The purpose of a Christian creed was to establish conformity of belief, uniquely essential for Christians, and by public professions of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John The Baptist: Encyclopedia Ii - John The Baptist - Josephus
Flavius Josephus in Jewish Antiquities book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 2 records the following: Now some of the Jews thought that the dest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John The Baptist: Encyclopedia Ii - John The Baptist - Christian View
His father, Zacharias, was a priest of the course of Abia (1 Chr. 24:10), and his mother, Elisabeth, was of the Daughters of Aaron (Luke ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John The Baptist: Encyclopedia Ii - John The Baptist - Mandaean View
Mandaeans believe John the Baptist, called Yahya in the Sidra d-Yahia (Book of John), was the last and greatest of the prophets. While Ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Justin Martyr: Encyclopedia Ii - Justin Martyr - His Conversion And Teachings
In the opening of the "Dialogue," Justin relates his vain search among the Stoics, Peripatetics, and Pythagoreans for a satisfying knowle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tertullian: Encyclopedia Ii - Tertullian - Writings
Tertullian - General Character. Thirty-one works are extant, together with fragments of more. Some 15 works in Latin or Greek are lost,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tertullian: Encyclopedia Ii - Tertullian - Moral Principles:
Tertullian was a determined advocate of strict discipline and an austere code of practise, and like many of the African fathers, one of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anno Domini: Encyclopedia Ii - Anno Domini - History Of Anno Domini
As the Roman Empire declined, imperial regnal year dating became sloppy, but remained the norm for 400 years in Christian Church circles....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anno Domini: Encyclopedia Ii - Anno Domini - Alternative Methods In The Modern Era
The French Revolution and the Italian Fascists each seriously attempted to displace the Anno Domini system by instead dating from their o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Thomas In The Gospel Of John
Saint Thomas appears in a few passages in the Gospel of John. John 11:18: Lazarus has just died, and the disciples are resisting Jesus' ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Name And Identity
There has been, and continues to be, disagreement and uncertainty as to the identity of Saint Thomas. Thomas Apostle - Twin and its rend...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of The Apostles: Encyclopedia Ii - Acts Of The Apostles - Date
External evidence now points to the existence of Acts at least as early as the opening years of the 2nd century. As evidence for the Thir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of The Apostles: Encyclopedia Ii - Acts Of The Apostles - Structure
The structure of the book of Luke is closely tied with the structure of Acts. Both books are most easily tied to the geography of the boo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of The Apostles: Encyclopedia Ii - Acts Of The Apostles - Plan And Purpose
All agree that Acts is the work of a skilled author, and that he has exercised care in keeping with a definite purpose and plan. His sec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of The Apostles: Encyclopedia Ii - Acts Of The Apostles - Authorship
There is substantial evidence to indicate that the author of Luke also wrote the Book of Acts. The most direct evidence comes from the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acts Of The Apostles: Encyclopedia Ii - Acts Of The Apostles - Sources
So far from the recognition of a plan in Acts being inimical to a quest after the materials used in its composition, some scholars say th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astronomical Unit: Encyclopedia Ii - Astronomical Unit - Examples
The distances are approximate mean distances. It has to be taken into consideration that the distances between celestial bodies change in...   » Read the article