ethnos

The Germans are a Germanic people. Ethnographers hypothesize that all Germanic speakers originally came from Scandinavia, which includes Jutland and the southwest shores of the Baltic Sea, before the Migrations Period. Prior to that time, their Indo-European ancestors may have migrated slowly from the Black Sea region and arrived in southern Scandinavia. Assimilation with other peoples is postulated, both with the prior inhabitants of Scandinavia and with peoples encountered on their way from Asia. Celtic peoples were then either assimilated, exterminated, or driven out during the expansion southwards from the Baltic. See also:

Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference

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In the Viking age/late Iron Age, from the 750s and on, Ingria was a bridgehead on the Varangian trade route to Eastern Europe. A Varangian aristocracy developed, that would ultimately rule over Novgorod and Kievan Rus'; allegedly bringing peace between the warring Finnic and Slavic tribes. The ancient Novgorodian land of Vod was called Ingermanland by the Swedes, Latinized to "Ingria". It is said to be named after Ingegerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung (995-1022). Upon her marriage to Yar ...

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Ingria, Ingria - History, Ingria - Swedish Ingria, Ingria - Russian Ingria, Ingria - Demographics

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Most Romanians live in Romania and Moldova, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour them. Romanians can also be found in many countries as immigrants, notably in the United States, Italy, Spain, Canada, France and Germany. The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between "official" sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and i ...

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Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

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A sizable body of Phrygian words are theoretically known; however, the meaning and etymologies and even correct forms of many Phrygian words (mostly extracted from inscriptions) are still being debated. A famous Phrygian word is bekos, meaning "bread". According to Herodotus (Histories 2.9) Pharaoh Psammetichus I wanted to establish the original language. For this purpose, he ordered two children to be reared by a shepherd, forbidding him to let them hear a single word, and charging him to report the children's first utt ...

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Phrygian language, Phrygian language - Grammar, Phrygian language - Vocabulary

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Most Romanians live in Romania and Moldova, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour them. Romanians can be found in many countries as immigrants, notably in the United States, Italy, Spain, Canada, France and Germany. The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between "official" sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and intere ...

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Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

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In recent years, the German-speaking countries of Europe have been confronted with demographic changes due to decades of immigration. These changes have led to renewed debates (especially in the Federal Republic of Germany) about who should be considered German. Non-ethnic Germans now make up more than 8 percent of the German population, mostly the descendants of guest workers who arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. Turks, Italians, Greeks, and people from the Balkans in southeast Europe form the largest single groups ...

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Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference

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Main article: Swedish Ingria Ingria became a Swedish dominion in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the Treaty of Teusina (1595), and after the Ingrian War again ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbova (1617). Sweden's interest of the territory was strategic: as a buffer zone against Russian attacks on the Karelian Isthmus and present-day Finland; and Russian trade was to pass through Swedish territory. In addition, Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees. The townships of Ivangorod, Jama (now Kingisepp), Caporie (now Koporye) and Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg) became centres o ...

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Ingria, Ingria - History, Ingria - Swedish Ingria, Ingria - Russian Ingria, Ingria - Demographics

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In the early 1700s the area was reconquered by Russia in the Great Northern War after about 100 years in Swedish possession. Near the place of the Swedish town Nyen close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian capital Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703. Peter the Great raised Ingria to the status of duchy with Prince Menshikov as its first (and last) duke. Later, in 1710, it was designated the Province of Saint Petersburg. After the Bolshevic revolution in Russia the Republic of North In ...

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Ingria, Ingria - History, Ingria - Swedish Ingria, Ingria - Russian Ingria, Ingria - Demographics

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The reaction evoked in the decades after the Napoleonic Wars was a strong ethnic nationalism that emphasized, and sometimes overemphasized, the cultural bond between Germans. Later alloyed with the high standing and world-wide influence of German science at the end of the 19th century, and to some degree enhanced by Bismarck's military successes and the following 40 years of almost perpetual economic boom (the Gründerzeit), it gave the Germans an impression of cultural supremacy, particularly compared to the Slavs. < ...

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Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference

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The closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe: the Istro-Romanians, the Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians) and the Megleno-Romanians. The Istro-Romanians are the closest ethnic group to the Romanians, and it is believed they left Maramureş, Transylvania about a thousand years ago and settled in Istria, Croatia. Numbering about 500 people, they speak the ...

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Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

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In English they are usually called Romanians or Rumanians except in some historical texts, where they are called Vlachs. Romanians - Romanian. The name "Romanian" is derived from Latin "Romanus". Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian languages, the name was transformed in "rumân" (ru'mɨn). An older form of "român" was still in use in some regions. During the National awakening of Romania of early 19th century, the latter form was preferred, in order to emphasise the link with ancient Rome. < ...

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Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

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Historical persons like Kafka might be called Germans, or might not. Some would hold that they belong to the German culture, which is what decides if someone is considered a German or not, at least in certain contexts. Similarly, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven - who spent most of their lives in what is Austria today - may be considered to have been central within the German culture. Thus, the division is not by linguistic classification of the local idiom, but rather by the cultural sphere,. The Dutch and the Flemish are not considered Germans, using a different standard language, while the cl ...

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Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference

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Main article: History of Romania Romanians - Ancient Times. Inhabited by the ancient Dacians, today's territory of Romania was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106, when Trajan's army defeated the army of Decebalus. The Roman administration withdrew two centuries later, under the pressure of the Goths and Carpi. Romanians - Middle Ages. The invasions that followed - such as the ones of Slavs, Hungarians, and Tatars - did not allow Romanians to develop any large ce ...

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Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

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Main article: Culture of Romania Romanians - Contribution to humanity. Main article: List of Romanians Romanians have played an important role in the arts, sciences and engineering. In the history of flight, Traian Vuia built the first self-propelling heavier-than-air aircraft, while Henri Coanda built the first aircraft powered by a jet engine. Victor Babes discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him, Babesia; biologist Nicolae Paulescu discovered ins ...

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Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

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Its structure, what can be recovered from it, was typically Indo-European, with nouns declined for case (at least 4), gender (3) and number (singular and plural), while the verbs are conjugated for tense, voice, mood, person and number. No single word is attested in all its inflectional forms. Phrygian seems to exhibit an augment, like Greek and Armenian, c.f. eberet, probably corresponding to PIE *e-bher- ...

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Phrygian language, Phrygian language - Grammar, Phrygian language - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Phrygian language: Encyclopedia II - Phrygian language - Grammar