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Ethers | A Wisdom Archive on Ethers |  | Ethers A selection of articles related to Ethers |  |
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ethers, Ether, Ether - Chemical reactions, Ether - Important ethers, Ether - Nomenclature, Ether - Physical properties, Ether - Polyethers, Ether - Primary secondary and tertiary ethers, Ether - Similar structures, Ether - Reactions, Ether - Synthesis, Functional group, Methoxy, Petroleum ether, not an ether but a low boiling alkane mixture., Thioether, analogs of ethers with the oxygen replaced by sulfur.
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Ethers |  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Organic chemistry - Categories of organic substancesBecause so very many compounds exist, a clear, unambiguous naming system is necessary. Organic nomenclature is the system established for naming and grouping organic compounds. Organic subtances are classified by their molecular structural arrangement, and by what other atoms are present: hydrogen is impicitly assumed. Other atoms such as O, N, or Cl almost always bond in certain relative ways, forming functional groups. In chemistry, structure is quite synonymous with function, and so the structural categories double as categories of proper ...
See also:Organic chemistry, Organic chemistry - History, Organic chemistry - Characteristics of organic substances, Organic chemistry - Categories of organic substances, Organic chemistry - Polymers, Organic chemistry - Bio-molecules, Organic chemistry - Molecular structure of an organic compound, Organic chemistry - Organic reactions, Organic chemistry - Reference Read more here: » Organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Organic chemistry - Categories of organic substances |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - ATC code M03 - M03B Muscle relaxants centrally acting agents
ATC code M03 - M03BA Carbamic acid esters.
M03BA01 Phenprobamate
M03BA02 Carisoprodol
M03BA03 Methocarbamol
M03BA04 Styramate
M03BA05 Febarbamate
M03BA51 Phenprobamate, combinations excluding psycholeptics
M03BA52 Carisoprodol, combinations excluding psycholeptics
M03BA53 Methocarbamol, combinations excluding psycholeptics
M03BA71 Phenprobamate, combinations with psycholeptics
M03BA72 Carisoprodol, combinations with psycho ...
See also:ATC code M03, ATC code M03 - M03A Muscle relaxants peripherally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03AA Curare alkaloids, ATC code M03 - M03AB Choline derivatives, ATC code M03 - M03AC Other quaternary ammonium compounds, ATC code M03 - M03AX Other muscle relaxants peripherally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03B Muscle relaxants centrally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03BA Carbamic acid esters, ATC code M03 - M03BB Oxazol thiazine and triazine derivatives, ATC code M03 - M03BC Ethers chemically close to antihistamines, ATC code M03 - M03BX Other centrally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03C Muscle relaxants directly acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03CA Dantrolene and derivatives Read more here: » ATC code M03: Encyclopedia II - ATC code M03 - M03B Muscle relaxants centrally acting agents |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - WithdrawalThe withdrawal syndrome from heroin (or any other short-acting opioid) can begin within 6 hours of discontinuation of sustained use of the drug: sweating, malaise, anxiety, depression, persistent and intense penile erection in males (priapism), general feeling of heaviness, cramp-like pains in the limbs, yawning and lachrymation, sleep difficulties, cold sweats, chills, severe muscle and bone aches not precipitated by any physical trauma, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, gooseflesh (hence, the term "cold turkey"), cramps, and fever occur. Many ...
See also:Heroin, Heroin - History, Heroin - Usage and effects, Heroin - Production and trafficking, Heroin - Manufacturing, Heroin - History, Heroin - Trafficking, Heroin - Risks of non-medical abuse of heroin, Heroin - Withdrawal, Heroin - Drug interactions, Heroin - Culture, Heroin - Books Read more here: » Heroin: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - Withdrawal |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - Usage and effectsRecreational uses:
Euphoria
Relaxation
Other uses:
Pain relief
Cough suppressant
anti-diarrheal
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Stimulants
Other opioids
Severe:
Respiratory arrest
Spontaneous abortion
Atypical sensations:
?
Cardiovascular:
See also:Heroin, Heroin - History, Heroin - Usage and effects, Heroin - Production and trafficking, Heroin - Manufacturing, Heroin - History, Heroin - Trafficking, Heroin - Risks of non-medical abuse of heroin, Heroin - Withdrawal, Heroin - Drug interactions, Heroin - Culture, Heroin - Books Read more here: » Heroin: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - Usage and effects |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - IonsThe IUPAC nomenclature also provides rules for naming ions.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron.
Hydron is a generic term for hydrogen cation; protons, deuterons and tritons are all hydrons.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations.
Simple cations formed by adding a hydron to a hydride of a halogen, chalcogen or nitrogen-family element are named by adding the suffix "-onium" to the element's root: H4N+ is ammoniu ...
See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclatureCommon nomenclature is an older system of naming organic compounds.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones.
Common names for ketones can be derived by naming the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group as separate words followed by the word ketone.
Acetone
Acetophenone
Benzophenone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diethyl ketone
The first three of the names shown above are still considered to be acceptable IUPAC names. See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groupsWhen compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of precedence determines which groups are named with prefix or suffix forms. The highest precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. However, double and triple bonds only take suffix form (-en and -yn) and are used with other suffixes.
Prefixed substituents are ordered alphabetically (excluding any modifiers such as di-, tri-, etc.), e.g. chlorofluoromethane, not fluorochloromethane. If there are multiple functional groups of the sam ...
See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - Risks of non-medical abuse of heroinMany countries and local governments have instituted programs to supply sterile needles to people who inject illegal drugs in order to reduce some of these contingent risks. While needle exchanges have demonstrated an immediate public health benefit, some see such programs as tacit acceptance of illicit drug use. The United States does not support needle exchanges federally by law, though some of its state and local governments do.
A heroin overdose is usually treated with an opioid antagonist, such as naloxone (Narcan) or naltrexone, ...
See also:Heroin, Heroin - History, Heroin - Usage and effects, Heroin - Production and trafficking, Heroin - Manufacturing, Heroin - History, Heroin - Trafficking, Heroin - Risks of non-medical abuse of heroin, Heroin - Withdrawal, Heroin - Drug interactions, Heroin - Culture, Heroin - Books Read more here: » Heroin: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - Risks of non-medical abuse of heroin |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - ATC code M03 - M03A Muscle relaxants peripherally acting agents
ATC code M03 - M03AA Curare alkaloids.
M03AA01 Alcuronium
M03AA02 Tubocurarine
M03AA04 Dimethyltubocurarine
ATC code M03 - M03AB Choline derivatives.
M03AB01 Suxamethonium
ATC code M03 - M03AC Other quaternary ammonium compounds.
M03AC01 Pancuronium
M03AC02 Gallamine
M03AC03 Vecuronium
M03AC04 Atracurium
M03AC05 Hexafluronium
M03AC06 Pipecuronium br ...
See also:ATC code M03, ATC code M03 - M03A Muscle relaxants peripherally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03AA Curare alkaloids, ATC code M03 - M03AB Choline derivatives, ATC code M03 - M03AC Other quaternary ammonium compounds, ATC code M03 - M03AX Other muscle relaxants peripherally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03B Muscle relaxants centrally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03BA Carbamic acid esters, ATC code M03 - M03BB Oxazol thiazine and triazine derivatives, ATC code M03 - M03BC Ethers chemically close to antihistamines, ATC code M03 - M03BX Other centrally acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03C Muscle relaxants directly acting agents, ATC code M03 - M03CA Dantrolene and derivatives Read more here: » ATC code M03: Encyclopedia II - ATC code M03 - M03A Muscle relaxants peripherally acting agents |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - AldehydesAldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix "-al". Since they are always at the end of an alkane chain, they do not need a position number: HCHO (formaldehyde) is methanal, CH3CHO (acetaldehyde) is ethanal. If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the "1" position.
If a prefix form is required, "oxo-" is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of a chain: CHOCH3COOH is 3-oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon in the carbonyl group cannot be inclu ...
See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - HistoryHeroin was first synthesized in 1874 by C.R. Alder Wright, a British chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London. He had been experimenting with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride over a stove for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine. We now call it diacetylmorphine. The compound was sent to F.M. Pierce of Owens College, Manchester, for analysis. He reported the following to Wright:
Doses … were subcutan ...
See also:Heroin, Heroin - History, Heroin - Usage and effects, Heroin - Production and trafficking, Heroin - Manufacturing, Heroin - History, Heroin - Trafficking, Heroin - Risks of non-medical abuse of heroin, Heroin - Withdrawal, Heroin - Drug interactions, Heroin - Culture, Heroin - Books Read more here: » Heroin: Encyclopedia II - Heroin - History |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compoundsCycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated as the main parent chain of the compound, in which case the position of substituents are numbered around the ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene CH3C6H4CH3, commonly the ortho-, meta-, and para- forms, are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also be treated as functional groups themselves, in which case they take the ...
See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and AmidesAmines (R-NH2) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix "-amine" (e.g. CH3NH2 methanamine). If necessary, the bonding position is infixed: CH3CH2CH2NH2 propan-1-amine, CH3CHNH2CH3 propan-2-amine. The prefix form is "amino-".
For secondary amines (of the form R-NH-R), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with lo ...
See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and AlkynesAlkenes are named for their parent alkane chain with the suffix "-ene" and an infixed number indicating the position of the double-bonded carbon in the chain: CH2=CHCH2CH3 is but-1-ene. Ethene (ethylene) and propene (propylene) do not require infixed numbers, since there is no ambiguity in the structures. As before, the lowest number is used.
Multiple double bonds take the form -diene, -triene, etc., with the size prefix of the chain taking an extra "a": CH2=CHCH=CH2 is buta-1,3-d ...
See also:IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkanes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alcohols, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Halogenated compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Carboxylic acids, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ethers, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Esters, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Amines and Amides, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cyclic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Order of precedence of groups, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Common nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ketones, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Aldehydes, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Ions, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Hydron, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Parent hydride cations, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Cations and substitution Read more here: » IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry - Alkenes and Alkynes |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Organic chemistry - Organic reactionsOrganic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. While pure hydrocarbons undergo certain classes of reactions, many more reactions which organic compounds undergo is largely determined by functional groups. The general theory of these reactions involves careful analysis of such properties as the electron affinity of key atoms, and bond strengths. These issues can determine the relative stability of short-lived reactive intermediates, which usually directly determine the path of the reaction. A common reaction is generically written here as ...
See also:Organic chemistry, Organic chemistry - History, Organic chemistry - Characteristics of organic substances, Organic chemistry - Categories of organic substances, Organic chemistry - Polymers, Organic chemistry - Bio-molecules, Organic chemistry - Molecular structure of an organic compound, Organic chemistry - Organic reactions, Organic chemistry - Reference Read more here: » Organic chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Organic chemistry - Organic reactions |
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|  |  |  | Ethers: Encyclopedia II - Organic chemistry - Molecular structure of an organic compoundCompounds are generally made from the building blocks of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and functional groups. The valence of carbon is 4, and hydrogen is 1, functional groups are generally 1. Many, but not all structures can be envisioned by the simple valence rule that there will be one bond for each valence number. Currently, there exist several methods for deducing the structure an organic compound. In general usage are (in alphabetical order):
Crystallography: This is the most precise method; however, it is very difficult to ...
See also:Organic chemistry, Organic chemistry - History, Organic chemistry - Characteristics of organic substances, Organic chemistry - Categories of organic substance |
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