Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl groups. A typical example is the solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether (ethoxyethane, CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3). Ether - Similar structures. Ethers are not to be confused with the following classes of compounds with the same general structure R-O-R. Aromatic compounds like furan where the oxygen is part of the aromat ...

Including:

• Ether - Similar structures
• Ether - Primary secondary and tertiary ethers
• Ether - Polyethers
• Ether - Chemical reactions
• Ether - Synthesis
• Ether - Reactions
• Ether - Physical properties
• Ether - Nomenclature
• Ether - Important ethers

Read more here: » Ether: Encyclopedia - Ether

Read more here: » Ullmann condensation: Encyclopedia - Ullmann condensation

Ether - Synthesis. R-OH + R-OH → R-O-R + H2O This direct reaction requires drastic conditions (heat and an acid catalyst) and is usually not applicable. Such conditions can destroy the delicate structures of some functional groups. There exist several milder methods to produce ethers. R-O- + R-X → R-O-R + X- This is called Williamson ether synthesis. It involves treatment of a parent alcohol with a strong base to form the alkoxide a ...

See also:

Ether, Ether - Similar structures, Ether - Primary secondary and tertiary ethers, Ether - Polyethers, Ether - Chemical reactions, Ether - Synthesis, Ether - Reactions, Ether - Physical properties, Ether - Nomenclature, Ether - Important ethers

Read more here: » Ether: Encyclopedia II - Ether - Chemical reactions

Williamson ether synthesis was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. It involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with primary alkyl halides and tosylates via an SN2 reaction. Other related archives1850, Alexander Williamson, SN2, alkoxide ion, halides, tosylates

Read more here: » Williamson ether synthesis: Encyclopedia - Williamson ether synthesis

An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol, and therefore has an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom. They are generally basic. Alkoxides, though generally not stable, are found as intermediaries in various reactions, including the Williamson ether synthesis reaction for forming ethers. Often alkoxides and sulfonates have more than one B-carbon bearing a proton for base abstraction in E2. Favoring one proton for removal over others (regiosele

Read more here: » Alkoxide: Encyclopedia - Alkoxide

Boron trifluoride (BF3, trifluoroborane) is a pungent colourless toxic gas. In moist air it forms white fumes. Boron trifluoride can be handled as a liquid in a Lewis acid-base adduct with diethyl ether. The molecule BF3 consists of boron and fluorine in a trigonal planar geometry. Boron is electron deficient and in chemical reactions BF3 is a Lewis acid, for example reacting with fluorides to form tetrafluoroborate ...

Including:

• Boron trifluoride - Uses

Read more here: » Boron trifluoride: Encyclopedia - Boron trifluoride

Vanillin, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, ether, and alcohol. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Natural vanilla extract is a mixture of several hundred different compounds. Artificial vanilla flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because ...

Read more here: » Vanillin: Encyclopedia - Vanillin

A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. The most common solvent in everyday life is water. The term organic solvent refers to most other solvents that are organic compounds and contain carbon atoms. Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind. Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds — they have to be inert. Solvents can also be ...

Including:

• Solvent - Polarity solubility and miscibility
• Solvent - Protic and aprotic solvents
• Solvent - Boiling point
• Solvent - Density
• Solvent - Chemical interactions
• Solvent - Safety
• Solvent - General precautions
• Solvent - Properties table of common solvents

Read more here: » Solvent: Encyclopedia - Solvent

BHT is the common abbreviation for butylated hydroxytoluene. BHT is a fat-soluble organic compound primarily used as an antioxidant food additive (E number E321). It also used as an antioxidant in cosmetics, pharmaceutical drugs, jet fuels, rubber and petroleum products, and embalming fluid. BHT is produced by the reaction of p-cresol with isobutylene. It was patented in 1947 and received approval of the Food and Drug Administration for use as a food additive and preservative in 1954. BHT reacts with free radicals, slowing the rate of autoxidation in food, preventing cha ...

Including:

• BHT - Controversy

Read more here: » BHT: Encyclopedia - BHT

In natural philosophy, aether (a.k.a. "ether") might be considered "the stuff of space", or "the medium" (lit: "that which is between") that carries signals between objects separated by vacuum. "The aether" was sometimes considered to be "the fifth element" (see: "quintessence"), in addition to Earth, Air, Fire and Water. Although it is tempting to talk about "the aether", a number of fairly different theories have been presented over the years that assign "the aether" different properties. When someone talks about proving or d ...

Including:

• Aether theories - Definition
• Aether theories - History
• Aether theories - Theories and experiments
• Aether theories - Modern physics and the aether
• Aether theories - Reference literature
• Aether theories - Aether conceptions
• Aether theories - Aether experiments

Read more here: » Aether theories: Encyclopedia - Aether theories

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a colorless or white compound of zinc and chlorine that is extremely hygroscopic. Four crystalline structures have been reported, although in pure form (i.e. water-free) only the delta (hexagonal close-packed) phase can form. It can be quenched from the melt to form a glassy material. Concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride have the interesting property of dissolving starch, silk and cellulose, so that solution ...

Including:

• Zinc chloride - Chemical properties
• Zinc chloride - Preparation & purification
• Zinc chloride - Uses
• Zinc chloride - Precautions
• Zinc chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » Zinc chloride: Encyclopedia - Zinc chloride

Chloroform (also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride) is a chemical compound with formula CHCl3. It does not support combustion in air, although it will burn when mixed with more flammable substances. It is a member of a subset of environmental pollutants known as trihalomethanes, a by-product of chlorination of drinking water and a long-standing health concern. Chloroform - History. Chloroform was discovered in July, 1831 by American physician Samuel Guthrie (17 ...

Including:

• Chloroform - History
• Chloroform - Production
• Chloroform - Uses
• Chloroform - Safety
• Chloroform - Chloroform in popular culture

Read more here: » Chloroform: Encyclopedia - Chloroform

Borane exists as a toxic, colorless gas called diborane (B2H6). In diborane, the electrons of two hydrogen-boron bonds are delocalized and are continually transferred between the two boron atoms. This resonance satisfies boron's electrophilicity. Because interconversion happens instantaneously, it is not possible to isolate pure borane. However, when diborane is treated with an ether, a stable borane-ether complex is formed. This borane-ether complex acts chemically like borane and it is the actual reagent that is used in the laboratory. For simplicity in illustration, ...

See also:

Hydroboration-oxidation reaction, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Isolation of borane reagents, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Mechanism, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Oxymercuration-reduction

Read more here: » Hydroboration-oxidation reaction: Encyclopedia II - Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Isolation of borane reagents

Wittig reaction - Preparation of simple ylides. The Wittig reagent is usually prepared from a phosphonium salt, which is in turn made by the reaction of triphenylphosphine with an alkyl halide. To form the Wittig reagent (ylide), the phosphonium salt is suspended in a solvent such as diethyl ether or THF and a strong base such as phenyllithium or n-butyllithium is added. Ph3P+−CH2−R X− + C4H9Li → Ph ...

See also:

Wittig reaction, Wittig reaction - Reaction mechanism, Wittig reaction - Classical mechanism, Wittig reaction - Recent developments, Wittig reaction - Wittig reagents, Wittig reaction - Preparation of simple ylides, Wittig reaction - Stabilised Wittig reagents, Wittig reaction - Structure of the ylide, Wittig reaction - Scope & limitations, Wittig reaction - The Schlosser modification, Wittig reaction - Examples of use

Read more here: » Wittig reaction: Encyclopedia II - Wittig reaction - Wittig reagents

In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to ensure that no water is present, which would otherwise cause the reagent to rapidly decompose. Thus, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, because the oxygen of these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent. The reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere, inserting an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. Thus, many ...

See also:

Grignard reagent, Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions, Grignard reagent - Coupling reaction

Read more here: » Grignard reagent: Encyclopedia II - Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions

Silly Putty - Homemade variety. An undergraduate chemistry experiment is the production of silly putty, this is done by treating a solution of dimethyldichlorosilane in diethyl ether with water (Warning: the reaction of dimethyldichlorosilane with water is violent and generates HCl). After washing the ether solution of the silicone oil with aqeuous sodium bicarbonate, the solution is dried before the ether is evaporated off. Powdered boric oxide is added to the oil before it is heated to form the Silly Putty. The ...

See also:

Silly Putty, Silly Putty - Description, Silly Putty - Origins, Silly Putty - Variations, Silly Putty - Homemade variety, Silly Putty - Removal

Read more here: » Silly Putty: Encyclopedia II - Silly Putty - Variations

As an example the organic synthesis of tributyl-[(Z)-5-phenyl-2-penten-2-yl]stannane: A Grignard reagent is prepared from magnesium turnings and (Z)-2-bromo-5-phenyl-2-pentene in dry tetrahydrofuran and titrated with tributyltin chloride until the solution decolourises. The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and the solvent is removed in a rotavapor. Diethyl ether is added and the ether extract is washed with brine and filtered and the ether evaporates in a rotavapor. The crude product is kugelrohr distilled ...

See also:

Organotin, Organotin - Preparation of organotin compounds, Organotin - Reactions of organotin compounds, Organotin - Use and toxicity, Organotin - Important compounds

Read more here: » Organotin: Encyclopedia II - Organotin - Preparation of organotin compounds

In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to ensure that no water is present, which would otherwise cause the reagent to rapidly decompose. Thus, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, because the oxygen of these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent. The reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere, inserting an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. Thus, many ...

See also:

Grignard reagent, Grignard reagent - Grignard reagent formation, Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions, Grignard reagent - Coupling reactions, Grignard reagent - Oxidation

Read more here: » Grignard reagent: Encyclopedia II - Grignard reagent - Nucleophilic addition reactions

There are many reactions in organic chemistry that involve this type of mechanism. Common examples include organic reductions with hydrides, for example R-X → R-H using LiAlH4   (SN2) hydrolysis reactions such as R-Br + OH− → R-OH + Br− (SN2) or R-Br + H2O → R-OH + HBr   (SN1) Williamson ether synthesis ...

See also:

Nucleophilic substitution, Nucleophilic substitution - Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon centres, Nucleophilic substitution - SN1 and SN2 reactions, Nucleophilic substitution - Nucleophilic substitution reactions, Nucleophilic substitution - Other mechanisms, Nucleophilic substitution - Nucleophilic substitution at unsaturated carbon centres

Read more here: » Nucleophilic substitution: Encyclopedia II - Nucleophilic substitution - Nucleophilic substitution reactions

LAH is usually produced by the reaction between lithium hydride (LiH) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3) 4LiH + AlCl3 LiAlH4 + 3LiCl which proceeds with a high yield of LAH (97 % w/w). LiCl is removed by filtration from an ethereal solution of LAH, with subsequent precipitation of LAH to yield a product with around 1 % w/w LiCl. ...

See also:

Lithium aluminium hydride, Lithium aluminium hydride - Preparation, Lithium aluminium hydride - Inorganic reactions, Lithium aluminium hydride - Use in organic chemistry, Lithium aluminium hydride - Thermal decomposition, Lithium aluminium hydride - Solubility data, Lithium aluminium hydride - Crystal structure, Lithium aluminium hydride - Thermodynamic data, Lithium aluminium hydride - References and further reading

Read more here: » Lithium aluminium hydride: Encyclopedia II - Lithium aluminium hydride - Preparation