Immigration to the United Kingdom - Russian Jews. England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries, subject to occasional explusions, but British Jews numbered fewer than 10,000 at the start of the 19th century. After 1881 Russian Jews suffered bitter persecutions, and British Jews led fund-raising to enable their Russian co-religionists to emigrate to the USA. However, out of some 2,000,000 who left Russia by 1914, around 120,000 settled permanently in Britain. One of the main concentrations was the s ...

See also:

Immigration to the United Kingdom, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Pre-Historical and Historical immigration up to 1066, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Ice age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - The Beaker people bronze age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Celtic settlement iron age Urnfield culture Hallstatt culture La Tène culture, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Roman Empire's invasion of Britain, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Angles Saxons and Jutes, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Scots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Viking raids, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1066–1875, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Norman invasion, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Huguenots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1875 to the modern day, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Russian Jews, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Empire & Commonwealth, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Second World War, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Western Europeans, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Contemporary immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Refugees and asylum seekers, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Economic migrants, Immigration to the United Kingdom - 2001 Census, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Expansion of the EU 2004, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Illegal immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Laws concerning immigration and naturalisation, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Effect of immigration on society and culture

Read more here: » Immigration to the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1875 to the modern day

Immigration to the United Kingdom - Norman invasion. The Norman invasion of Britain is normally considered the last successful attempt in history by a foreign army to take control of the Kingdom of England by means of military occupation. From the Norman point of view, William the Conqueror was considered the legitimate heir to the realm (as explained in the Bayeux Tapestry), ...

See also:

Immigration to the United Kingdom, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Pre-Historical and Historical immigration up to 1066, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Ice age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - The Beaker people bronze age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Celtic settlement iron age Urnfield culture Hallstatt culture La Tène culture, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Roman Empire's invasion of Britain, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Angles Saxons and Jutes, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Scots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Viking raids, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1066–1875, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Norman invasion, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Huguenots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1875 to the modern day, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Russian Jews, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Empire & Commonwealth, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Second World War, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Western Europeans, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Contemporary immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Refugees and asylum seekers, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Economic migrants, Immigration to the United Kingdom - 2001 Census, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Expansion of the EU 2004, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Illegal immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Laws concerning immigration and naturalisation, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Effect of immigration on society and culture

Read more here: » Immigration to the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1066–1875

A liberalisation within the communist regime began in the mid 1980s in the USSR. In Latvia there immediately appeared a few mass socio-political organisations that made use of this opportunity – Tautas Fronte (Popular Front of Latvia), Latvijas Nacionālās Neatkarības Kustība (The Movement for National Independence), Pilsoņu Kongress (The Congress of Citizens of Latvia). These groups were for the reinstatement of National Independence. In 1989, on the 23rd August, 50 years had passed since the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop p ...

See also:

History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence

Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence

The idea of an independent Latvia became a reality at the beginning of the 1900s. The course of World War I (WWI) activated the idea of independence. WWI directly involved Latvians and Latvian territory. Courageous Latvian riflemen (latviešu strēlnieki) fought on the Russian side during this war, and earned recognition for their bravery far into Europe. During the Russian civil war (1917-1922), Latvians fought on both sides with a significant group (known as Latvian red riflemen) supporting the bolsheviks. In the autumn of 1919 the red Latvian division participated in a major battle against the "white" anti-bolshevik ...

See also:

History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence

Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Independence

Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War in 1721 resulted in the Treaty of Nystad, and Russian rule was then imposed on what later became modern Estonia. Nonetheless, the legal system, Lutheran church, local and town governments, and education remained mostly German until the late 19th century and partially until 1918. By 1819, the Baltic provinces were the first in the Russian empire in which serfdom was abolished, the largely autonomous nobility allowing the peasants to own their own land or move to the cities. These move ...

See also:

History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia

Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia

Tbilisi - Demographics. Tbilisi is a multicultural city. The city is home to more than 100 different ethnic groups. Around 80% of the population is ethnically Georgian, with significant populations of other ethnic groups which includes Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Along with the abovementioned groups, Tbilisi is also home to various other ethnicities including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Estonians, Germans, Kurds, and others.

Tbilisi, Tbilisi - History, Tbilisi - Early History, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Turns into a Capital, Tbilisi - Foreign Domination, Tbilisi - Tbilisi as the Capital of a Unified Georgian State and the Georgian Renaissance, Tbilisi - Mongol Domination and the following Period of Instability, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Under Russian Control, Tbilisi - Independence: 1918–1921, Tbilisi - Under Communist Rule, Tbilisi - After the Break-Up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi - Geography, Tbilisi - Climate, Tbilisi - People and culture, Tbilisi - Demographics, Tbilisi - Religion, Tbilisi - Architecture, Tbilisi - Periodic events, Tbilisi - Landmarks, Tbilisi - Miscellaneous, Tbilisi - Pronunciation, Tbilisi - Education, Tbilisi - Sister cities, Tbilisi - Notable people, Tbilisi - Photo Tour

Read more here: » Tbilisi: Encyclopedia II - Tbilisi - People and culture

Before the invasion of Russia in 1941, Himmler began preparing his SS for a war of extermination against the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism". Himmler, always glad to make parallels between Nazi Germany and the Middle Ages, compared the invasion to the Crusades. Himmler collected volunteers from all over Europe, including Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Dutch, Belgians, French, Spaniards, and, after the invasion, Ukrainians, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians. Himmler attracted the non-Germanic volunteers by declaring a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional ...

See also:

Heinrich Himmler, Heinrich Himmler - Early life, Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity, Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS, Heinrich Himmler - Consolidation of power, Heinrich Himmler - Himmler and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War, Heinrich Himmler - Peace negotiations capture and death

Read more here: » Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War

Between 1927 and 1929, Himmler devoted himself increasingly to his duties as Deputy Reichsführer-SS. Upon the resignation of SS Commander Erhard Heiden, Himmler was appointed as the new Reichsführer-SS in January 1929. At the time Himmler was appointed to lead the SS, it numbered only 280 members and was considered a mere battalion of the much larger SA. Himmler himself was considered only an SA-Oberführer, but after 1929 he si ...

See also:

Heinrich Himmler, Heinrich Himmler - Early life, Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity, Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS, Heinrich Himmler - Consolidation of power, Heinrich Himmler - Himmler and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War, Heinrich Himmler - Peace negotiations capture and death

Read more here: » Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS

In 1923 Himmler was a Feldwebel (Sergeant) in the Reichkriegsflagge, carrying the Imperial German Battle Ensign in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party's failed attempt at a revolution in overthrowing the government of Bavaria. Between 1923 and 1925, with the Nazi party seemingly a failed cause, Himmler devoted himself to other interests, putting his agricultural diploma to work by becoming a poultry farmer. His time as a chicken farmer was unsuccessful, however, and he returned to t ...

See also:

Heinrich Himmler, Heinrich Himmler - Early life, Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity, Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS, Heinrich Himmler - Consolidation of power, Heinrich Himmler - Himmler and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War, Heinrich Himmler - Peace negotiations capture and death

Read more here: » Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity

Stalin's first wife was called Ekaterina Svanidze, he married for just three years until her death in 1907. At her funeral, Stalin said that any warm feelings he had for people died with her, for only she could mend his heart. With her he had a son, Yakov Dzhugashvili, with whom he did not get along in later years. His son tried to kill himself, unsucessfully, resulting in serious injuries. Stalin was quoted to have laughed at the boy, saying, "Ha! He could not even shoot straight!" Yakov served in the Red Army and was captured by the ...

See also:

Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes

Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family

In 1912 Stalin was co-opted to the Bolshevik Central Committee at the Prague Party Conference. In 1917 Stalin was editor of Pravda, the official Communist newspaper, while Lenin and much of the Bolshevik leadership were in exile. Following the February Revolution, Stalin and the editorial board took a position in favor of supporting Kerensky's provisional government and, it is alleged, went to the extent of declining to publish Lenin's articles arguing for the provisional go ...

See also:

Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes

Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Rise to power

On March 1, 1953, after an all-night dinner with interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin collapsed in his room, having probably suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body. Although his guards thought it odd that he did not rise at his usual time the next day they were under orders not to disturb him and he was not discovered until that evening. He died four days later, on March 5, 1953, at the age of 73, and was buried on March 9. Officially, the ca ...

See also:

Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes

Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Death

Stalin made few contributions to Communist (or, more specifically, Marxist-Leninist) theory, but the contributions he did make were accepted and upheld by all Soviet political scientists during his rule. Among Stalin's contributions were his "Marxism and the National Question", a work praised by Lenin; his "Trotskyism or Leninism", which was a factor in the "liquidation of Trotskyism as an ideological trend" within the CPSU(B). Stalin's Collected Works (in 13 volumes) were released in 1949. A subsequent 16 volume American Editi ...

See also:

Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes

Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist

Following World War II, the Red Army occupied much of the territory that had been formerly held by the Axis countries: there were Soviet occupation zones in Germany and Austria. Hungary and Poland were under practical military occupation. From 1946-1948 communist governments were imposed in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria and home-grown communist dictatorships rose to power in Yugoslavia and Albania. These nations became known as the "Communist Bloc". Albania remained an ally of the Soviet Union, but Yugoslavia under Jo ...

See also:

Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes

Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Post-war era

After declining Franco-British missions to Moscow in hopes that the USSR would enter a treaty of Polish defense with them, Stalin began to negotiate a non-aggression pact with Hitler's Germany. In his speech on August 19, 1939, Stalin prepared his comrades for the great turn in Soviet policy, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. Officially a non-aggression treaty only, it had a 'secret' annex according to which Central Europe was divided into the two powers' respective spheres of influence. The exact motivations behind this pact are disputed, but it appears th ...

See also:

Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes

Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - World War II

Indigenous Estonian-speaking ethnic Estonians constitute nearly 70 percent of the population. First and second generation immigrants from various parts of the former Soviet Union, mainly Russia comprise most of the remaining 30 percent. The latter, mostly Russian-speaking ethnic minorities reside predominantly in the capital city (Tallinn) and the industrial urban areas in northeastern Estonia (Ida-Virumaa county). There i ...

See also:

Estonia, Estonia - History, Estonia - Politics, Estonia - Counties, Estonia - Geography, Estonia - Climate, Estonia - Economy, Estonia - Demographics, Estonia - Ethnicity, Estonia - Religion, Estonia - Culture, Estonia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Estonia: Encyclopedia II - Estonia - Demographics

As a member of the European Union, Estonia is part of the world's largest economic zone. In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis. Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999 — the second Baltic state to join — and continued its EU accession talks. Privatization of energy, telecommunications, railways, and other state-owned companies is a continuing process. With assistance from the European Union, the Worl ...

See also:

Estonia, Estonia - History, Estonia - Politics, Estonia - Counties, Estonia - Geography, Estonia - Climate, Estonia - Economy, Estonia - Demographics, Estonia - Ethnicity, Estonia - Religion, Estonia - Culture, Estonia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Estonia: Encyclopedia II - Estonia - Economy

As of 2002, Russia had approximately 145 million inhabitants, roughly 103 million in the European part, and 42 million in the Asian part. Most Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples, with Turkic (8.4%), Caucasian (3.3%), Uralic (1.9%) and other minorities. Birth rate: 10.2 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) Death rate: 16.5 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) Net migration ...

See also:

Demographics of Russia, Demographics of Russia - Population, Demographics of Russia - Ethnic groups, Demographics of Russia - Gradient, Demographics of Russia - Languages, Demographics of Russia - Religion, Demographics of Russia - Education, Demographics of Russia - Labor force, Demographics of Russia - Health, Demographics of Russia - Main cities

Read more here: » Demographics of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Demographics of Russia - Population

Geographically, the Baltic Sea countries are countries that have access to the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden. The Baltic Sea countries, together with Norway, Iceland and the European Union form the Council of the Baltic Sea States. Balticum is the geographic term used in several languages, including Scandinavian and German, which usually denotes the territory corresponding to modern Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In some contexts, the term Balticu ...

See also:

Baltic countries, Baltic countries - Baltic Sea countries and Balticum, Baltic countries - Baltic states, Baltic countries - History of the Baltic states, Baltic countries - Language and Culture in the Baltic states, Baltic countries - Tourism of the Baltic states, Baltic countries - Related statistics, Baltic countries - Other uses

Read more here: » Baltic countries: Encyclopedia II - Baltic countries - Baltic Sea countries and Balticum

Some parts of the epic may be based on perceived ancient conflicts between Finnics and Samis. In that context, the country of Kalevala could be understood as Southern Finland and Pohjola as Lapland. However, the place names in Kalevala seem to transfer the Kalevala further south, which have been interpreted as support for theories of a Finnic migration from the South that came to push the Samis further to the north, while some scholars locate the country of Kalevala to East Karelia, where most of the Kalevala stories were written down. In 1961 a small town of Uhtua in East Karelia was ren ...

See also:

Kalevala, Kalevala - Writing the Kalevala, Kalevala - Characters, Kalevala - Influence of the Kalevala, Kalevala - The quest for Kalevala, Kalevala - Sample, Kalevala - Books, Kalevala - Movies

Read more here: » Kalevala: Encyclopedia II - Kalevala - The quest for Kalevala

The effect of the Kalevala upon later art in Finland has been tremendous, inspiring composer Jean Sibelius, modern poet Paavo Haavikko, painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela, and many others. Besides the local Estonian legends, Kalevala was a major source of inspiration for, and shares several analogous characters with, the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg (compiled and written by Friedri ...

See also:

Kalevala, Kalevala - Writing the Kalevala, Kalevala - Characters, Kalevala - Influence of the Kalevala, Kalevala - The quest for Kalevala, Kalevala - Sample, Kalevala - Books, Kalevala - Movies

Read more here: » Kalevala: Encyclopedia II - Kalevala - Influence of the Kalevala

According to a 2002 survey by the All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), more than two-thirds of respondents described themselves as adherents to a religious confession: 58% Russian Orthodox, 5% Muslim and less than 2% adhere to a non-Orthodox Christian denomination. 32% self-described as non-religious, agnostic or atheist. Overwhelming majority of those self-identified as religious are non-practicing. According to other polls, only 12% of all respondents believe in resurrection of the dead, 11% fast during Great Lent, a ...

See also:

Demographics of Russia, Demographics of Russia - Population, Demographics of Russia - Ethnic groups, Demographics of Russia - Gradient, Demographics of Russia - Languages, Demographics of Russia - Religion, Demographics of Russia - Education, Demographics of Russia - Labor force, Demographics of Russia - Health, Demographics of Russia - Main cities

Read more here: » Demographics of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Demographics of Russia - Religion