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Estonians | A Wisdom Archive on Estonians | | Estonians A selection of articles related to Estonians | |
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estonians, Estonians, Estonians - Emigration, Estonians - History, List of notable Estonians, Demographics of Estonia, Category:Estonian-Americans
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Estonians | | | |  Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activityIn 1923 Himmler was a Feldwebel (Sergeant) in the Reichkriegsflagge, carrying the Imperial German Battle Ensign in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party's failed attempt at a revolution in overthrowing the government of Bavaria.
Between 1923 and 1925, with the Nazi party seemingly a failed cause, Himmler devoted himself to other interests, putting his agricultural diploma to work by becoming a poultry farmer. His time as a chicken farmer was unsuccessful, however, and he returned to t ...
See also:Heinrich Himmler, Heinrich Himmler - Early life, Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity, Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS, Heinrich Himmler - Consolidation of power, Heinrich Himmler - Himmler and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler - Poznań speech, Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War, Heinrich Himmler - Peace negotiations capture and death, Heinrich Himmler - Conspiracy theories, Heinrich Himmler - Historical view, Heinrich Himmler - Surviving family Read more here: » Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Early life Himmler was born near Munich, Bavaria, Germany, into a middle-class family with connections to royalty. He was the son of a Bavarian schoolmaster, Gebhardt Himmler, who was able to woo the crown prince of Bavaria into becoming young Heinrich's godfather. Himmler attended Landshut High School, which upon leaving, he was appointed an Officer Cadet in 1918 and joined the 11th Bavarian Regiment for service in World War I. Shortly before he was due for commissioning as an officer the war ended, and he was disc ...
See also:Heinrich Himmler, Heinrich Himmler - Early life, Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity, Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS, Heinrich Himmler - Consolidation of power, Heinrich Himmler - Himmler and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler - Poznań speech, Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War, Heinrich Himmler - Peace negotiations capture and death, Heinrich Himmler - Conspiracy theories, Heinrich Himmler - Historical view, Heinrich Himmler - Surviving family Read more here: » Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Early life |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS Between 1927 and 1929, Himmler devoted himself increasingly to his duties as Deputy Reichsführer-SS. Upon the resignation of SS Commander Erhard Heiden, Himmler was appointed as the new Reichsführer-SS in January 1929. At the time Himmler was appointed to lead the SS, it numbered only 280 members and was considered a mere battalion of the much larger SA. Himmler himself was considered only an SA-Oberführer, but after 1929 he si ...
See also:Heinrich Himmler, Heinrich Himmler - Early life, Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party activity, Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS, Heinrich Himmler - Consolidation of power, Heinrich Himmler - Himmler and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler - Poznań speech, Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War, Heinrich Himmler - Peace negotiations capture and death, Heinrich Himmler - Conspiracy theories, Heinrich Himmler - Historical view, Heinrich Himmler - Surviving family Read more here: » Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia II - Heinrich Himmler - Rise in the SS |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period The 1500s were a time of great changes for the inhabitants of Latvia, notable for the reformation and the collapse of the Livonian nation. After the Livonian War (1558-1583) today's Latvian territory came under Polish-Lithuanian rule. The Lutheran faith was accepted in Kurzeme, Zemgale and Vidzeme, but the Roman Catholic faith maintained its dominance in Latgale – it remains so to this day.
In the 1600s, the Duchy of Courland, once a part of Livonia, experienced a notable economic boom. It established two colonies – an island in t ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Turkish In Western Europe sometimes the term Kanacke (Polynesian for human) is used. In the German speaking areas offensive words for the Turkish are Kümmeltürke (caraway turk) or Knoblauchfresser (garlic-eater / garlic glutton), based on the Turkish cuisine.
The term wog was originally used in Britain to signify Turks, but it has become used as a general derogatory term for people from Southern Europe (particularly I ...
See also:Offensive terms per nationality, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Austrians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Argentinians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Arabs, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Australians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Azeri, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Belarusians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Bolivians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Brazilians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the British, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Central Asia and Caucasus peoples, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Canadians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Chileans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Chinese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Croatians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Czechs, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Dutch, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the English, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Falklanders, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Finns, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the French, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Germans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for former East Germans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for former West Germans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Hungarians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Indians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Irish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Italians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Japanese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Jews, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Lithuanians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Mari, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Mexicans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for New Zealanders, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Norwegians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Pakistanis, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Peruvians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Poles, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Portuguese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Romanians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Russians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Serbs, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Scots, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for South Africans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Spanish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Swedish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Tatars, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Turkish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Ukrainians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for citizens of the United States, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Uruguayan, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Vietnamese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Welshmen Read more here: » Offensive terms per nationality: Encyclopedia II - Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Turkish |
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| | | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments Overall, under Stalin's rule the Soviet Union was transformed from an agricultural nation to a global superpower. The USSR's industrialisation was successful in that the country was able to defend against and eventually defeat the Axis invasion in World War II, though at an enormous cost of human lives. However, historian Robert Conquest and other Westerners claim that the USSR was bound for industrialisation which was not necessarily enhanced by Bolshevik influence. It has also been argued that Stalin was partially responsible for the initi ...
See also:Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family Stalin's first wife who was called Ekaterina Svanidze, he married for just three years until her death in 1907. At her funeral, Stalin said that any warm feelings he had for people died with her, for only she could mend his heart. With her he had a son, Yakov Dzhugashvili, with whom he did not get along in later years.
His son tried to kill himself, unsucessfully, resulting in serious injuries. Stalin was quoted to have laughed at the boy, saying, "Ha! He could not even shoot straight!" Yakov served in the Red Army and was captured by ...
See also:Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Ukrainians In Poland, offensive word is Upowiec or Banderowiec, from the abbreviation "UPA" (Ukrainian Insurrection Army) and its leader Stepan Bandera, known for massacres of Poles. Other terms are similar to those used for Russians, like Kacap or Rusek.
In Russia and other Russian-speaking post-Soviet countries it is khokhol.
...
See also:Offensive terms per nationality, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Austrians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Argentinians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Arabs, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Australians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Azeri, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Belarusians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Bolivians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Brazilians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the British, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Central Asia and Caucasus peoples, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Canadians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Chileans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Chinese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Croatians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Czechs, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Dutch, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the English, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Falklanders, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Finns, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the French, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Germans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for former East Germans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for former West Germans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Hungarians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Indians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Irish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Italians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Japanese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Jews, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Lithuanians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Mari, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Mexicans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for New Zealanders, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Norwegians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Pakistanis, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Peruvians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Poles, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Portuguese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Romanians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Russians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Serbs, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Scots, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for South Africans, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Spanish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Swedish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Tatars, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Turkish, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Ukrainians, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for citizens of the United States, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Uruguayan, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Vietnamese, Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for Welshmen Read more here: » Offensive terms per nationality: Encyclopedia II - Offensive terms per nationality - Offensive terms for the Ukrainians |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Deportations of social categories Kulaks were the most numerous social category of deported. Resettlement of people officially designated as kulaks continued until early 1950, including several major waves.
Some ethnic deportations, e.g., of Poles after 1939 from annexed territories of what is now Western Belarus and Western Ukraine (but was then Eastern Poland), were also justified by political/social reasons.
A number of religious sects, mos ...
See also:Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Deportations of social categories, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Transfers of ethnicities, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Labor force transfer, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Timeline, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Wikisource Read more here: » Population transfer in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Deportations of social categories |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Waffen-SS - War crimes and atrocities Many formations within the Waffen-SS were proven to have committed war crimes, most notoriously at Oradour-sur-Glane, Marzabotto and in the Malmedy massacre.
Perhaps the most infamous of all SS formations were the Dirlewanger and Kaminski Brigades (later to become the 36.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS and 29.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr.1) respectively. These formations, composed mostly of ex-Einsatzgruppen, released criminals and Russian Prisoners of War and commanded by the fanatical Nazis Oskar Dir ...
See also:Waffen-SS, Waffen-SS - Early history; LSSAH SS-VT, Waffen-SS - Concept training, Waffen-SS - Trial by fire, Waffen-SS - Classic SS divisions, Waffen-SS - Foreign volunteers and conscripts, Waffen-SS - War crimes and atrocities Read more here: » Waffen-SS: Encyclopedia II - Waffen-SS - War crimes and atrocities |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Tbilisi - Photo Tour The Right Embankment of the Mtkvari River at Night
Abanot-Ubani District
Ananuri Fortress, 25 miles north of Tbilisi
Kashveti Church in Central Tbilisi
Svanetian Tower overlooking Turtle Lake
The Historic Dry Bridge District looking towards the Right Embankment
The grounds of the National Public Library of Georgia
Tbilisi's largest park Vake, with the foothills o ...
See also:Tbilisi, Tbilisi - History, Tbilisi - Early History, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Turns into a Capital, Tbilisi - Foreign Domination, Tbilisi - Tbilisi as the Capital of a Unified Georgian State and the Georgian Renaissance, Tbilisi - Mongol Domination and the following Period of Instability, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Under Russian Control, Tbilisi - Independence: 1918–1921, Tbilisi - Under Communist Rule, Tbilisi - After the Break-Up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi - Geography, Tbilisi - Climate, Tbilisi - People and culture, Tbilisi - Demographics, Tbilisi - Religion, Tbilisi - Architecture, Tbilisi - Periodic events, Tbilisi - Landmarks, Tbilisi - Miscellaneous, Tbilisi - Pronunciation, Tbilisi - Education, Tbilisi - Sister cities, Tbilisi - Notable people, Tbilisi - Photo Tour Read more here: » Tbilisi: Encyclopedia II - Tbilisi - Photo Tour |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Russian history 1682-1796 - The era of Russian palace revolutions Peter changed the rules of succession to the throne after he killed his own son, Aleksey, who had opposed his father's reforms and served as a rallying figure for antireform groups. A new law provided that the tsar would choose his own successor, but Peter failed to do so before his death in 1725. In the decades that followed, the absence of clear rules of succession left the monarchy open to intrigues, plots, coups, and countercoups. Henceforth, the crucial factor fo ...
See also:Russian history 1682-1796, Russian history 1682-1796 - Note on naming, Russian history 1682-1796 - Peter the Great and the Russian Empire, Russian history 1682-1796 - The era of Russian palace revolutions, Russian history 1682-1796 - Russian imperial expansion and maturation—Catherine II Read more here: » Russian history 1682-1796: Encyclopedia II - Russian history 1682-1796 - The era of Russian palace revolutions |
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| | | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United Kingdom - Effect of immigration on society and culture Immigration has had a massive effect on British society and culture in both positive and negative ways.
Up until 1948 Britain was essentially a White Anglo-Saxon/Celtic country with small non-British communities, including ethnic groups from elsewhere in Europe, such as the Jews, and small communities of non-white non-Europeans, such as the Chinese in Limehouse. These non-British groups were mostly concentrated in the major cities, especially in London, and, although members of these groups contributed much to British history, their n ...
See also:Immigration to the United Kingdom, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Pre-Historical and Historical immigration up to 1066, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Ice age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - The Beaker people bronze age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Celtic settlement iron age Urnfield culture Hallstatt culture La Tène culture, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Roman Empire's invasion of Britain, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Angles Saxons and Jutes, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Scots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Viking raids, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1066–1875, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Norman invasion, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Huguenots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1875 to the modern day, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Russian Jews, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Empire & Commonwealth, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Second World War, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Western Europeans, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Contemporary immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Refugees and asylum seekers, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Economic migrants, Immigration to the United Kingdom - 2001 Census, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Expansion of the EU 2004, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Illegal immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Laws concerning immigration and naturalisation, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Effect of immigration on society and culture Read more here: » Immigration to the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United Kingdom - Effect of immigration on society and culture |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United Kingdom - Contemporary immigration
Immigration to the United Kingdom - Refugees and asylum seekers.
Whilst the UK is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, the intake of refugees and asylum seekers is currently a very controversial political issue; most of the mainstream political parties have espoused various policies in the hope of being perceived as being "tough on asylum" and the tabloid media frequently print headlines about an "immigration crisis". This is denounced by those opposed to tighter controls on immigration as disproportionate ...
See also:Immigration to the United Kingdom, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Pre-Historical and Historical immigration up to 1066, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Ice age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - The Beaker people bronze age, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Celtic settlement iron age Urnfield culture Hallstatt culture La Tène culture, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Roman Empire's invasion of Britain, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Angles Saxons and Jutes, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Arrival of the Scots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Viking raids, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1066–1875, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Norman invasion, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Huguenots, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Historical immigration 1875 to the modern day, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Russian Jews, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Empire & Commonwealth, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Second World War, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Western Europeans, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Contemporary immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Refugees and asylum seekers, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Economic migrants, Immigration to the United Kingdom - 2001 Census, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Expansion of the EU 2004, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Illegal immigration, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Laws concerning immigration and naturalisation, Immigration to the United Kingdom - Effect of immigration on society and culture Read more here: » Immigration to the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Immigration to the United Kingdom - Contemporary immigration |
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| | | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Time line
History of Estonia - Prehistory.
98 Roman historian Tacitus writes in the book Germania about aesti tribes, but it is not clear if he is talking about the linguistic ancestors of modern Estonians.
6th century : The Guta Saga tells how vikings from Gotland sailed to Dagaithi island (Hiiumaa) and built a fortification there.
600 King Ingvar of Sweden invaded Estonia and was killed at the place called Stein and was buried in region of ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Time line |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Regaining Independence Despite the emergence of the Popular Front and the Supreme Soviet as a new lawmaking body, since 1989 the different segments of the indigenous Estonian population had been politically mobilized by different and competing actors. The Popular Front's proposal, to declare the independence of Estonia as a new, so-called "third republic" whose citizens would be all those living there at the moment found less and less support over time.
A grassroots Estonian Citizens' Committees Movement launched in 1989 with the objective of registering al ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Regaining Independence |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Independence The first period of independence lasted 22 years, beginning in 1918. Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reforms necessary to come to terms with its new status as a sovereign state. Economically and socially, land reform in 1919 was the most important step. Large estate holdings belonging to the Baltic nobility were redistributed among the peasants and especially among volunteers in the Estonian War of Independence. Estonia's principal markets became Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and western Europe, with some ex ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Independence |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - German Period Because of its strategic geographic location, Latvian territory has always been invaded by other larger nations, and this situation has defined the fate of Latvia and its people.
At the end of the 1100s, Latvia was more often visited by traders from western Europe who set out on trading journeys along Latvia's longest river, the Daugava, to Russia. At the very end of the 12th century, German traders arrived and with them came preachers of the Christian faith who attempted to convert the pagan Baltic and Finno-Ugrian tribes to the Chri ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - German Period |
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| | | | | Estonians: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Russian Period At the beginning of the 1700s, the Great Northern War broke out. The course of this war was directly linked with today's Latvian territory and the territorial claims of the Russian Empire. One of its goals was to secure the famous and rich town of Riga. In 1710, the Russian Tsar, Peter I, managed to secure Vidzeme. Through Vidzeme to Riga, Russia obtained a clear passage to Europe. By the end of the 18th century, due to the Polish Partition ...
See also:History of Latvia, History of Latvia - Legendary History, History of Latvia - German Period, History of Latvia - Polish and Swedish Period, History of Latvia - Russian Period, History of Latvia - Independence, History of Latvia - Soviet Period, History of Latvia - Reinstating Independence Read more here: » History of Latvia: Encyclopedia II - History of Latvia - Russian Period |
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