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Estonians: Encyclopedia Ii - Estonians - History
The name "Eesti", or Estonia, is thought to be derived from the word Aestii, the name given by the ancient Germanic peoples to the people...
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Waffen-ss: Encyclopedia - Waffen-ss
The Waffen-SS ("Armed Protective Squadron") was the combat arm of the Schutzstaffel. Headed by Heinrich Himmler who was ranked Reichsfüh...
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Baltic Countries: Encyclopedia - Baltic Countries
The terms "Baltic countries", "Baltic Sea countries", "Baltic states", and "Balticum" refer to slightly different combinations of countri...
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Kalevala: Encyclopedia - Kalevala
The Kalevala is an epic poem which Elias Lönnrot claimed to have compiled from Finnish folk sources in the 19th century. It is commonly ...
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August 2005: Encyclopedia - August 2005
2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- →
August 2005...
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Aesti: Encyclopedia - Aesti
The Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania describes a people known as the Aesti or Aestii. According to his account, the Aesti spe...
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Valdemar Ii Of Denmark: Encyclopedia - Valdemar Ii Of Denmark
Valdemar II (1170–1241), called Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious, was the King of Denmark from 1202 until 1241.
He was...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Peace Negotiations Capture And Death
By 1945, Himmler's Waffen-SS numbered 800,000 members, with the Allgemeine-SS (at least on paper) hosting a membership of nearly two mill...
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Kaunas: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaunas - History
At the location of the current Kaunas old town, at the confluence of two large rivers, there was a settlement as far back as the tenth ce...
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Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - Latvia - History
Main article: History of Latvia
Known originally as Livonia, the area that now constitutes Latvia was under the influence of the German S...
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Music Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Estonia - History
Estonian runo-song has been extensively recorded and studied, especially those sung by women. They can come in many forms, including work...
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Finnic: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnic - History
There exist different theories on the pre-history of the farming Finnic peoples. According to earlier established theories, agricultural ...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Stalin And Changes In Soviet Society
Joseph Stalin - Industrialization.
Main article: Industrialization of the USSR.
The Russian Civil War and War communism had a devastati...
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History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Period Of Soviet And German Occupation
History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR.
On June 16-17, 1940, the Soviet troops occupied the whole territory of Estonia and deman...
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Immigration To The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Immigration To The United Kingdom - Pre-historical And Historical Immigration Up To 1066
Immigration to the United Kingdom - Ice age.
Modern humans arrived in what would become the United Kingdom 35,000 years ago during the ...
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Waffen-ss: Encyclopedia Ii - Waffen-ss - Foreign Volunteers And Conscripts
Himmler, wishing to expand the Waffen-SS, advocated the idea of SS controlled foreign legions. The Reichsführer, with his penchant for m...
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - History
Tbilisi - Early History.
According to an old legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as the 5th ce...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - Soviet Period
After the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany on August 23, 1939, Latvia became a strategic int...
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Finnic: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnic - History
There exist different theories on the pre-history of the farming Finnic peoples. According to earlier established theories, agricultural ...
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Demographics Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Russia - Ethnic Groups
The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the pop...
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Demographics Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Estonia - Population
Demographics of Estonia - Age structure.
0-14 years: 18% (male 129,204; female 124,269)
15-64 years: 68% (male 466,960; female 503,233...
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Russian History 1682-1796: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian History 1682-1796 - Peter The Great And The Russian Empire
Peter I, a child of the second marriage of Tsar Aleksey, was at first relegated to the political background, as various court factions st...
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Baltic Countries: Encyclopedia Ii - Baltic Countries - Baltic States
In matters of modern politics, the Baltic states are three specific countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. All three countries were co...
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September 2003: Encyclopedia Ii - September 2003 - Events
See Also:
U.S. Presidential Election
Iraq timeline
Afghanistan timeline September 2003
California recall
Hutton Inquiry
Liberian crisis
...
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Kalevala: Encyclopedia Ii - Kalevala - Characters
The main character of the Kalevala is Väinämöinen, a shamanistic hero with the magical power of songs and music. He is born of the pri...
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Victory Day: Encyclopedia Ii - Victory Day - Victory Day On September 8 In Malta
Victory Day on September 8 is a national holiday in Malta to commemorate the victory of the Knights Hospitaller over the Ottoman Turks in...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Early Life
Born near Munich, Bavaria, Germany, into a middle-class family, he was the son of a Bavarian schoolmaster and attended Landshut High Scho...
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Northern Crusades: Encyclopedia Ii - Northern Crusades - Subjugation Of Livonians And Estonians
Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no less than thirteen times by Russians and also by Sweden and Denmark. In addition to m...
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Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union - Exile Settlements
Exile settlements (ссыльное поселение, ssylnoye poselenie) were a kind of internal exile. The system of political and ad...
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Population Transfer In The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Population Transfer In The Soviet Union - Transfers Of Ethnicities
The wholesale removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin during his career: P...
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11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland: Encyclopedia Ii - 11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland - Concept And Formation
By 1943, the foreign legions of the Waffen-SS had proven their worth in battle many times over. The 5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wikin...
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Offensive Terms Per Nationality: Encyclopedia Ii - Offensive Terms Per Nationality - Offensive Terms For The Finns
There are quite a few offensive terms for the Finns, some of which have a pejorative association. The Russians used to frequently refer t...
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Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Estonia - History
Human settlement in Estonia became possible when the ice, from the last glacial era, melted away 11,000–13,000 years ago. The oldest kn...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Himmler And The Holocaust
After the Night of the Long Knives, the SS-Totenkopfverbände was given the task of organizing and administering Germany's regime of conc...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War
Before the invasion of Russia in 1941, Himmler began preparing his SS for a war of extermination against the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism"...
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History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Pre-history
Human settlement became possible when the ice, from the last glacial era, melted away 11,000–13,000 years ago. The oldest known settlem...
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Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union - Free Settlements
Free settlements (вольное поселение, volnoye poselenie) were for persons released from the confines of labor camps "for f...
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Demographics Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Estonia - Nationality
Demographics of Estonia - Ethnic groups.
Estonian 68.4%, Russian 25.7%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.3% (2003)
...
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Finnic: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnic - Kvens
While the descendants of the Finnic peoples outside Finland and Estonia in the northernmost Europe - i.e. in the rest of Scandinavia and ...
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Demographics Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Estonia - Religion
Traditional religion of the Estonians is the Christian belief in the form the Evangelical Lutheran confession (as in many other countries...
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Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union - Labor Settlements
Labor settlements (трудопоселение, trudoposelenie) were a method of internal exile that used settlers for obligatory labor....
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party Activity
In 1923 Himmler was a Feldwebel (Sergeant) in the Reichkriegsflagge, carrying the Imperial German Battle Ensign in the so-called Beer Hal...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Early Life
Himmler was born near Munich, Bavaria, Germany, into a middle-class family with connections to royalty. He was the son of a Bavarian scho...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Rise In The Ss
Between 1927 and 1929, Himmler devoted himself increasingly to his duties as Deputy Reichsführer-SS. Upon the resignation of SS Commande...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - Polish And Swedish Period
The 1500s were a time of great changes for the inhabitants of Latvia, notable for the reformation and the collapse of the Livonian nation...
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Offensive Terms Per Nationality: Encyclopedia Ii - Offensive Terms Per Nationality - Offensive Terms For The Turkish
In Western Europe sometimes the term Kanacke (Polynesian for human) is used. In the German speaking areas offensive words for the Turkish...
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Music Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Estonia - Today
These celebrations of traditional life have inspired multiple later composers who modernized traditional music, including Olev Muska and ...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Policies And Accomplishments
Overall, under Stalin's rule the Soviet Union was transformed from an agricultural nation to a global superpower. The USSR's industrialis...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Marriages And Family
Stalin's first wife who was called Ekaterina Svanidze, he married for just three years until her death in 1907. At her funeral, Stalin sa...
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Offensive Terms Per Nationality: Encyclopedia Ii - Offensive Terms Per Nationality - Offensive Terms For The Ukrainians
In Poland, offensive word is Upowiec or Banderowiec, from the abbreviation "UPA" (Ukrainian Insurrection Army) and its leader Stepan Band...
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Population Transfer In The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Population Transfer In The Soviet Union - Deportations Of Social Categories
Kulaks were the most numerous social category of deported. Resettlement of people officially designated as kulaks continued until early 1...
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Waffen-ss: Encyclopedia Ii - Waffen-ss - War Crimes And Atrocities
Many formations within the Waffen-SS were proven to have committed war crimes, most notoriously at Oradour-sur-Glane, Marzabotto and in t...
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - Photo Tour
The Right Embankment of the Mtkvari River at Night
Abanot-Ubani District
Ananuri Fortress, 25 miles north of Tbilisi
Kashveti Church in C...
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Russian History 1682-1796: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian History 1682-1796 - The Era Of Russian Palace Revolutions
Peter changed the rules of succession to the throne after he killed his own son, Aleksey, who had opposed his father's reforms and served...
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Population Transfer In The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Population Transfer In The Soviet Union - Labor Force Transfer
Punitive transfers of population transfers handled by Gulag and the system of involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union were planned in...
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Immigration To The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Immigration To The United Kingdom - Effect Of Immigration On Society And Culture
Immigration has had a massive effect on British society and culture in both positive and negative ways.
Up until 1948 Britain was essenti...
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Immigration To The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Immigration To The United Kingdom - Contemporary Immigration
Immigration to the United Kingdom - Refugees and asylum seekers.
Whilst the UK is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, the intak...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - Legendary History
The proto-Baltic forefathers of the Latvian people have lived on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea since the third millennium BC [1].
A...
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History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Time Line
History of Estonia - Prehistory.
98 Roman historian Tacitus writes in the book Germania about aesti tribes, but it is not clear if he ...
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History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Regaining Independence
Despite the emergence of the Popular Front and the Supreme Soviet as a new lawmaking body, since 1989 the different segments of the indig...
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History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Independence
The first period of independence lasted 22 years, beginning in 1918. Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reform...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - German Period
Because of its strategic geographic location, Latvian territory has always been invaded by other larger nations, and this situation has d...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - Russian Period
At the beginning of the 1700s, the Great Northern War broke out. The course of this war was directly linked with today's Latvian territor...
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Immigration To The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Immigration To The United Kingdom - Historical Immigration 1875 To The Modern Day
Immigration to the United Kingdom - Russian Jews.
England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries, subject to occasional ex...
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Immigration To The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Immigration To The United Kingdom - Historical Immigration 1066–1875
Immigration to the United Kingdom - Norman invasion.
The Norman invasion of Britain is normally considered the last successful attempt ...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - Reinstating Independence
A liberalisation within the communist regime began in the mid 1980s in the USSR. In Latvia there immediately appeared a few mass socio-po...
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History Of Latvia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Latvia - Independence
The idea of an independent Latvia became a reality at the beginning of the 1900s. The course of World War I (WWI) activated the idea of i...
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History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Part Of Imperial Russia
Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War in 1721 resulted in the Treaty of Nystad, and Russian rule was then imposed on what l...
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - People And Culture
Tbilisi - Demographics.
Tbilisi is a multicultural city. The city is home to more than 100 different ethnic groups. Around 80% of the p...
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Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - The Second World War
Before the invasion of Russia in 1941, Himmler began preparing his SS for a war of extermination against the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism"...
» Read the article
|
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Encyclopedia
-
Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Rise In The Ss
Between 1927 and 1929, Himmler devoted himself increasingly to his duties as Deputy Reichsführer-SS. Upon the resignation of SS Commande...
» Read the article
|
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Encyclopedia
-
Heinrich Himmler: Encyclopedia Ii - Heinrich Himmler - Early Nazi Party Activity
In 1923 Himmler was a Feldwebel (Sergeant) in the Reichkriegsflagge, carrying the Imperial German Battle Ensign in the so-called Beer Hal...
» Read the article
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-
Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Marriages And Family
Stalin's first wife was called Ekaterina Svanidze, he married for just three years until her death in 1907. At her funeral, Stalin said t...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Rise To Power
In 1912 Stalin was co-opted to the Bolshevik Central Committee at the Prague Party Conference. In 1917 Stalin was editor of Pravda, the o...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Death
On March 1, 1953, after an all-night dinner with interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin a...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Stalin As Theorist
Stalin made few contributions to Communist (or, more specifically, Marxist-Leninist) theory, but the contributions he did make were accep...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Post-war Era
Following World War II, the Red Army occupied much of the territory that had been formerly held by the Axis countries: there were Soviet ...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - World War Ii
After declining Franco-British missions to Moscow in hopes that the USSR would enter a treaty of Polish defense with them, Stalin began t...
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Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Estonia - Demographics
Indigenous Estonian-speaking ethnic Estonians constitute nearly 70 percent of the population. First and second generation immigrants from...
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Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Estonia - Economy
As a member of the European Union, Estonia is part of the world's largest economic zone. In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year eco...
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Demographics Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Russia - Population
As of 2002, Russia had approximately 145 million inhabitants, roughly 103 million in the European part, and 42 million in the Asian part....
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Baltic Countries: Encyclopedia Ii - Baltic Countries - Baltic Sea Countries And Balticum
Geographically, the Baltic Sea countries are countries that have access to the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Li...
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Kalevala: Encyclopedia Ii - Kalevala - The Quest For Kalevala
Some parts of the epic may be based on perceived ancient conflicts between Finnics and Samis. In that context, the country of Kalevala co...
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Kalevala: Encyclopedia Ii - Kalevala - Influence Of The Kalevala
The effect of the Kalevala upon later art in Finland has been tremendous, inspiring composer Jean Sibelius, modern poet Paavo Haavikko, p...
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Demographics Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Russia - Religion
According to a 2002 survey by the All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), more than two-thirds of respondents describ...
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Demographics Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Russia - Education
Main article: Education in Russia
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97% (...
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Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Estonia - Geography
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform between 57.3° a...
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Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Estonia - Politics
Estonia is a constitutional democracy, with a president elected by its unicameral parliament (elections every four years). The government...
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Demographics Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Russia - Main Cities
Moscow is the largest city (population 10.1 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the center of Russian G...
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Demographics Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Russia - Health
As of 2004, average life expectancy in Russia was 59 years for males and 72 years for females. The biggest factor that contributes to low...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Cult Of Personality
Stalin allowed a cult of personality to be created in the Soviet Union around both himself and Lenin. The embalming of the Soviet founder...
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Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Stalin - Policies And Accomplishments
Overall, under Stalin's rule the Soviet Union was transformed from an agricultural nation to a global superpower. The USSR's industrialis...
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Encyclopedia
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - Miscellaneous
Tbilisi - Pronunciation.
Georgians pronounce Tbilisi with a barely-spoken 't', so that it almost sounds like "Bill-EE-see"; English spe...
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - Geography
Tbilisi is located in Eastern Georgia within the Tbilisi Depression along both banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) River. The elevation of the ci...
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Waffen-ss: Encyclopedia Ii - Waffen-ss - War Crimes And Atrocities
Several formations within the Waffen-SS were proven to have committed war crimes, most notoriously at Oradour-sur-Glane, Marzabotto and i...
» Read the article
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Waffen-ss: Encyclopedia Ii - Waffen-ss - Classic Ss Divisions
As the Waffen-SS Order of Battle expanded, several divisions were seen as being elite. These divisions were characterised by extremely hi...
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - Education
Universities in Tbilisi include:
Tbilisi State University
Tbilisi State Medical University
Georgian Agrarian University
Georgian Technic...
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Tbilisi: Encyclopedia Ii - Tbilisi - Photo Tour
The Right Embankment of the Mtkvari River at Night
Abanot-Ubani District
Ananuri Fortress, 25 miles north of Tbilisi
Kashveti Church in C...
» Read the article
|
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Encyclopedia
-
11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland: Encyclopedia Ii - 11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland - East Prussia And Pomerania
In early February, the refitted Panzer Abt returned to the division, and a trickle of reinforcements began arriving. Among these units wa...
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11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland: Encyclopedia Ii - 11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland - Tannenberg Line - Kurland Pocket
The Tannenberg Line anchored on three strategic hills. Running west to east, these were known as Hill 69.9, Grenadier Hill and Orphanage ...
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11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland: Encyclopedia Ii - 11th Ss Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland - Leningrad To Narva - Battle Of The European Ss
Nordland, along with the rest of III (Germanic) SS Panzercorps arrived at the front near Leningrad and was almost immediatly put into act...
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