Barrett's esophagus is marked by the presence of columnar cell epithelium in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium—an example of metaplasia. The columnar epithelium is better able to withstand the erosive action of the gastric secretions; however, this metaplasia confers an increased cancer risk of the adenocarcinoma type. The metaplastic columnar cells may be of two types: gastric (similar to those in the stomach) or colonic (similar to cells in the intestines). A biopsy of the affected area will often contain a mixture of the two. Colonic-typ ...

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Barrett's esophagus, Barrett's esophagus - Treatment, Barrett's esophagus - Pathology, Barrett's esophagus - Reference

Read more here: » Barrett's esophagus: Encyclopedia II - Barrett's esophagus - Pathology

See also:

Digestive enzyme, Digestive enzyme - Oral cavity, Digestive enzyme - Esophagus, Digestive enzyme - Stomach, Digestive enzyme - Small intestine, Digestive enzyme - Pancreatic enzymes, Digestive enzyme - Proper small intestine enzymes

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Heartburn is the symptom of acid in the esophagus, characterized by a burning discomfort behind the breastbone (sternum). Findings in GERD include esophagitis (reflux esophagitis) – inflammatory changes in the esophageal lining (mucosa) – strictures, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and chronic chest pain. Patients may have only one of those findings. Atypical symptoms of GERD include cough, hoarseness, changes of the voice, chronic ear ache, or sinusitis. Complicatons of GERD include stricture formation, Barrett's esophagus, es ...

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms

The cardia is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of the stomach and the esophagus. At the cardia, the mucosa of the esophagus transitions into gastric mucosa. The cardia is also called the Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), cardiac sphincter and gastroesophageal sphincter. The word comes from the Greek kardia meaning heart, the cardiac orifice of the stomach. There is disagreement in the academic anatomy community over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a dis ...

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Cardia - Artificial cardia

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Having GERD indicates incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Increased acidity or production of gastric acid can contribute to the problem, as can obesity, tight-fitting clothes and pregnancy. It is also thought that yeast infections of the digestive tract can cause GERD-like symptoms. Another paradoxical cause of GERD-like symptoms is not enough stomach acid (hypochlorhydria). The valve that empties the stomach into the intestines is triggered by acidity. If there is not enough acid, this valve does not open and the stomach contents is churned up into the esophagus. ...

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology

The vocal tract is that cavity in animals and humans, where sound that is produced at the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered. In birds it consists of the trachea, the syrinx, the oral cavity, the upper part of the esophagus, and the beak. In mammals it consists of the laryngeal cavity, the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity, and in some nonhuman mammals maybe also the airsacs. Other related archivesbeak, birds, esophagus, larynx, mammals, p

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A detailed history taking is vital to the diagnosis. Useful investigations may include barium swallow X-rays, esophageal manometry, esophageal pH monitoring and Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). In general, an EGD is done when the patient does not respond well to treatment, has had symptoms or required medications for a prolonged time (generally 5 years), has dysphagia, anemia, blood in the stool (detect ...

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when recommending non-pharmaceutical treatments for GERD. Certain foods and lifestyle tend to promote gastroesophageal reflux: Coffee, alcohol, calcium supplements, and excessive amounts of Vitamin C supplements are stimulants of gastric acid secretion, so avoiding these helps. Calcium containing antacids such as TUMS (Calcium carbonate) are in this group[2] ...

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment

A Cushing ulcer is a gastric ulcer produced by elevated intracranial pressure. it is also called as von Rokitansky-Cushing syndrome. Apart from in the stomach, it may also develop in the proximal part of the duodenum and the distal esophagus. Other related archivesduodenum, esophagus, gastric ulcer, intracranial pressure, stomach

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Achalasia or acalasia is a failure of a ring of muscle (as a sphincter) to relax (completely). It refers most commonly to esophageal achalasia, which is a neuromuscular disorder of the esophagus characterized by the reduced ability to move food down the esophagus (peristalsis). In addition, the inability of the cardia ( also called lower esophageal sphincter)- to relax in response to swall ...

Including:

Achalasia - Signs and symptoms Achalasia - Diagnosis Achalasia - Complications Achalasia - Treatment and new expectations

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In anatomy, the throat is the part of the neck anterior to the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone is the only bone located in the throat of mammals. Categories: Head and neck | Respiratory system ...

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Gastroenterology or gastrology is the medical specialty concerned with the field of digestive diseases. Traditionally, these are traditionally separated by anatomic or functional category. For example, disorders of the esophagus might be listed under "esophagus" and also included in a description of motility disorders (disorders of motor function). List of signs and symptoms of gastroenterological diseases : constipation diarrhea vomiting nausea abdominal pain List of research fields in Gastroenterology : ...

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Gastroenterology - Important figures in Gastroenterology Gastroenterology - Gastroenterological Societies Gastroenterology - External link

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In Biology, "Antrum" is a general term for a cavity or chamber which may have specific meaning in reference to certain organs or sites in the body. Examples include antrum cardiacum - a dilation that occurs in the esophagus near the stomach (forestomach) mastoid antrum - Synonym: antrum mastoideum, tympanic antrum, Valsalva's antrum pyloric antrum antrum follicularum - the cavity in t ...

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As a verb, to choke generally means to restrict airflow, or to suffer restricted airflow, whether caused by such a device or by accidental obstruction; see choking. As nouns or adjectives related to that verb, choke and choking may refer to several things: In vertebrate physiology, medicine, and related contexts, a choke or choking is an occlusion of the airway that prevents respiration. In horses, however, choke is an obstruction of the esophagus, rather than the trachea ...

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A cough is a sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. Cough is an action your body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating the air passages. A cough is usually initiated to clear a buildup of phlegm in the trachea; air may move through this passage at up to 480 km/h (300 mi/h) during a contraction. Coughing can also be triggered by a bolus of food going down the trachea instead of the esophagus, ...

Including:

Cough - Complications Cough - Treatment Cough - External link

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Peristalsis is the process of involuntary wave-like successive muscular contractions by which food is moved through the digestive tract. The large, hollow organs of the digestive system contains muscles that enable their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid and also can mix the contents within each organ. Typical movement of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine is called peristalsis. The action of peristalsis looks like an ocean wave moving through the muscle. The muscle of the organ produces a narrow ...

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Burping, also known as belching, ructus or eructation, is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. It is often audible. Burping - Physiology. Burping is typically caused by eating or drinking too fast, and thereby swallowing (aerophagia) and subsequently expelling air, in which case the expelled gas is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Burps can also be caused by imbibing carbonated drinks such as beer, soft drinks, or champagne, in w ...

Including:

Burping - Physiology Burping - Social context and etiquette Burping - Infant burping Burping - Burped speech Burping - In animals

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Acid indigestion is a type of indigestion involving an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Frequent occurrence of acid indigestion can lead to aggravation of the duodenum or to an aggravation of the lining of the stomach, both of which can lead to ulcers which can be life-threatening. It should be distinguished from heartburn, which typically involves aggravation of the esophagus. Common contributors to acid indigestion are: Eating foods with too much fat in them. Eating foods with too much spice i ...

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when recommending non-pharmaceutical treatments for GERD. Certain foods and lifestyle tend to promote gastroesophageal reflux: Coffee, alcohol, calcium supplements, and excessive amounts of Vitamin C supplements are stimulants of gastric acid secretion. Taking these before bedtime especially can promote evening reflux. Calcium containing antacids such as TUMS (Calcium ...

See also:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment

Billie Joe Armstrong (born February 17, 1972) is the songwriter, lead vocalist and guitarist for Punk/pop punk band Green Day. Billie Joe Armstrong - Biography. Armstrong was the youngest of six children born in a corn field with the other Green Day members, and was later raised in Rodeo, California. His father, Andy, was a jazz musician and truck driver who died of cancer of the esophagus which spread throughout his body when Armstrong was ten. To this day, Armstrong lets him down. He could have be ...

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Billie Joe Armstrong - Biography

Read more here: » Billie Joe Armstrong: Encyclopedia - Billie Joe Armstrong